Diversity of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Oral and Cloacal Cavities from Free-Living Snakes Species in Costa Rica Rainforest

Artavia‐León, Allan; Romero-Guerrero, Ariel; Sancho-Blanco, Carolina; Rojas, Norman; Umaña-Castro, Rodolfo

doi:10.1155/2017/8934285

Cited by 15 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15 . Variations, however, may be present among bearded dragons depending on the diet based on whether they are kept as pets (captive) or in the wild 16 . As such, the oral cavity of snakes and other reptiles alike are more often than not infected by aerobic bacteria 17 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Report of Micrococcus luteus in the Buccal Cavity of Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) in Namibia

Mataranyika¹,

Chimwamurombe²

2019

J Pure Appl Microbiol

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Citation: Paidamoyo N. Mataranyika and Percy M. Chimwamurombe, First Report of Micrococcus luteus in the Buccal Cavity of Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) in Namibia, J Pure Appl Microbiol., 2019; 13(4):2123-2127. https://doi.org/10.22207/ JPAM.13.4.24 AbstractCentral bearded dragons, Pogona vitticeps, are ectothermic heliotherms native to dry and arid regions and are often kept as exotic pets in colder less arid countries. They do however, often fall sick resulting in sudden death. This is now known to be caused by bacterial infections such as Listeria monocytogenes and Porphyromonas pogonae sp. This study therefore, aimed to identify microorganisms present in the buccal cavity of the central bearded dragon (P. vitticeps) in Namibia. In order to achieve this, oral swabs were taken from a bearded dragon found in a garden in Windhoek, Namibia and grown in nutrient agar. Colony morphology was described before Gram's staining to differentiate the bacteria. The automated VITEK®2 system was used to identify the bacteria. On nutrient agar, opaque yellow circular colonies were observed after 24hrs incubation at 37°C. A gram-positive coccus shaped bacteria was observed. VITEK®2 analysis identified the bacteria as Micrococcus luteus. There has not been a study on the microbiota of the buccal cavity of the central bearded dragon in Namibia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The same concern is raised in snakes as venom is not the only challenge presented by venomous snakes. As such bacterial infections are often reported following snake bite incidents in cases were the patient survives the bite 16,17 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of Micrococcus luteus in the Buccal Cavity of Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) in Namibia

Mataranyika¹,

Chimwamurombe²

2019

J Pure Appl Microbiol

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“…Despite the high frequency of stomatitis in serpents and the influence of bacteria in these animals, as well as the influence of those bacteria on human beings, the studies about the characterization and distribution of those microorganisms are scarce [1]. The reports on this alteration on serpents of the Brazilian fauna are also rare [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This way, veterinarians often deal with these diseases in reptiles empirically, using a wide range of antibiotics [4]. This practice might result in the development of resistant bacterial stumps [5], what stands out due to the potential that resistant bacteria have to generate infections and zoonoses in humans [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The profile of susceptibility to antimicrobials of the isolated microorganisms has been determined through the method of diffusion in the disk of Kirby--Bauer [9]. The antimicrobials were employed in the study: Penicillin, Enrofloxacin, Amikacin + Clavulanate, Ceftiofur, Ampicillin, Gentamicin (all Sensifar--Vet ® ) 1 and Ciprofloxacin 2 (Sensibiodisc ® ) 2 .…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

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Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) with Bacterial Clinical Stomatitis

Martins

Ferreira

Santos

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background:Stomatitis is an infectious disease common in serpents and responsible for high mortality rates. It is characterized by the infection of the oral mucosa and neighboring tissues, related to the opportunistic character of bacteria present in the normal microbiota, pathogenic in stressful situations. Few studies have described the profile of sensibility of these agents in serpents of the Brazilian fauna. Therefore, this study has aimed at describing the isolation and identification of the infectious agents involved in the clinic stomatitis in a specimen of green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), and the profile of sensibility and resistance to antimicrobial agents. Case: The serpent has been rescued in an urban environment, without previous records and featured erosive injuries in its oral cavity, with the presence of secretion. In a clinical evaluation, it has been assessed that the specimen had erosive injuries in its oral cavity, with hyperemic points in its mucosa and serous secretion. Then the specimen went through a collection of the secretion from its oral cavity for microbiological analysis. Typical colonies of Enterococcus, Citrobacter and Enterobacter were identified by the colony morphology and their typical odor. The results of these tests were able to confirm and identify the Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter and Enterococcus species. The profile of sensibility to antimicrobials of the isolated microorganisms has been determined through the method of diffusion in the disk of Kirby-Bauer. There was not any sensitive antimicrobial for the three agents. For treatment, based on the antimicrobial profile presented, was used Ciprofloxacin ® associated to daily washings with solution of chlorhexidine 0.12% for 10 days. Clinical cure was observed at the end of this treatment. Discussion: Despite the high frequency of this disease in the clinical routine of snakes, little information about pathogen agents affecting constrictor serpents in their native area is available. Immunodepression, malnutrition, and temperatures and humidity outside the animal thermal comfort zone, are predisposing factors for the development of bacterial diseases in reptiles. Probably, due to the factors that predispose to infection by these bacterial agents, most reports on stomatitis in serpents approach cases occurred in captive animals, differently from what has been presented in this case, which is about a free animal rescued when invading an urban area. The bacteria isolated from the oral cavity of the serpent here reported belong to the normal microbiota of the oral cavity of these animals. Notwithstanding, these bacteria may become pathogenic in certain circumstances. Conditions of undernutrition, stress and oral trauma are considered as predisposing factors to the occurrence of stomatitis in serpents, what can be correlated to the occurrence of the disease in this case. The gram-negative agents causing bacterial diseases in serpents are generally resistant to medicines of the most common spectrum used in the clinical routi...

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Elizabethkingia

Nicholson¹,

Bernardet²,

Kämpfer³

2021

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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E.li.za.beth.king'i.a. N.L. fem. n. Elizabethkingia named in honor of Elizabeth O. King, who first described it as a bacteria associated with infant meningitis, notably ( Flavobacterium ) meningosepticum in 1959. Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Weeksellaceae / Elizabethkingia The genus Elizabethkingia is classified within the family Weeksellaceae , order Flavobacteriales , class Flavobacteriia . On most commercially‐available media, colonies are white or very pale yellow. Cells are rod shaped and Gram‐staining‐negative. Strains grow optimally at 25‐37°C, pH 7.0, and aerobically. Most of the species are halotolerant. Menaquinone‐6 is the only or major respiratory quinone. Species from this genus are inherently resistant to many antibiotics, and the type strains from most species were isolated from human clinical specimens, and are often found in hospital environments, particularly sinks. Certain strains are the causative agent of a contagious disease among farmed frogs. Elizabethkingia isolates have been derived from a variety of animals, including insects, horses, and fish. DNA G+C content (mol%) : 35.0‐38.2 (HPLC). The range calculated from whole genome sequence (WGS) data suggests a narrower range, from 35.5 to 36.5%. Type species : Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Kim et al. 2005 VP (basonym: Flavobacterium meningosepticum King 1959 AL )

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Diversity of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Oral and Cloacal Cavities from Free-Living Snakes Species in Costa Rica Rainforest

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

First Report of Micrococcus luteus in the Buccal Cavity of Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) in Namibia

First Report of Micrococcus luteus in the Buccal Cavity of Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) in Namibia

Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) with Bacterial Clinical Stomatitis

Elizabethkingia

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