“…For instance, while SASS was developed for assessing water quality and the ecological condition of South African rivers (Dallas, 1997;Chutter, 1998;Dickens and Graham, 2002), version five of SASS (SASS5) has been applied without modification in other countries in southern and eastern Africa, including Zimbabwe (Bere and Nyamupingidza, 2014;Mwedzi et al, 2016), Swaziland (Mthimkhulu et al, 2004) and Kenya (Oigara and Masese, 2017;Mbaka et al, 2014;M'Erimba et al, 2014). Similarly, TARISS, which is a modified version of SASS5 developed for assessing streams and rivers in Tanzania, has recently been applied in Rwanda (Dusabe et al, 2019) and Uganda (Tumusiime et al, 2019;Turibamwe and Wangalwa, 2020;Ochieng et al, 2021) without modifications. Similarly, while some MMIs have been tested and validated for monitoring of some of the African aquatic ecosystems (e.g., Raburu and Masese, 2012;Moges et al, 2016;Tampo et al, 2020;Achieng et al, 2021;Kaboré et al, 2022), some have been used without validation, including Toham and Teugels (1999), Masese et al (2009a), Aura et al (2010), Alemu et al (2018) and Aura et al (2021).…”