Diversity of food beans in Kenya

Rheenen, H. A. van

doi:10.1007/bf02858341

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…McClean (2002) reported variation in seed coat color, pattern and shape in common bean. Although farmers in Kenya largely grow large seeded market classes of beans, small seeded types may also be preferred depending on specific attributes (van Rheenen, 1979). In line with these farmers' preferences, the breeding programs in the eastern Africa region through participatory breeding and variety selection have also transformed and are currently focusing on combining genes for grain type with major biotic and abiotic constraints as multiple trait introgression approach (Buruchara et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such information would be useful for bean breeding programs to improved adoption rate by farmers (Ceccarelli and Grando, 2007;Graham and Ranalli, 1997). This is because, farmers tend to grow specific market classes (grain types) of beans (van Rheenen, 1979). In Kenya, the medium to large seeded (Andean) and in particular the red mottled (calima) and red kidneys are more popular with exception of the small seeded (Mesoamerican) red haricot (van Rheenen, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because, farmers tend to grow specific market classes (grain types) of beans (van Rheenen, 1979). In Kenya, the medium to large seeded (Andean) and in particular the red mottled (calima) and red kidneys are more popular with exception of the small seeded (Mesoamerican) red haricot (van Rheenen, 1979). The preference for large seeded has been reported in other eastern, central and southern African countries (Wilkus et al, 2018;Blair et al, 2010b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Resistance to Bean Fly and Population Structure of Market Classes of Common Bean

Ojwang

Eldridge

Corredor-Moreno

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Organization (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi. Received _____________. *Corresponding Author (pookwiri@yahoo.com). Core Ideas• GWAS revealed major loci associated with bean fly resistance on chromosome 01.• New sources of resistance to bean fly were uncovered from different market classes.• Genetic diversity uncovered is based on recent farmer preferences selection events. Abstract Common bean (Phaesolus vulgaris L.) distribution across eastern, central and southernAfrica region is widely driven by choice of grain types, which is affecting the genetic composition and adaptation to target production environments for biotic and abiotic constraints. Two bean fly species, Ophiomyia spencerella and Ophiomyia phaseoli are harmful insect pests of beans causing significant yield losses. Our objectives were to assess the population structure of common bean germplasm of different market classes and to identify polymorphic loci associated with resistance to O. spencerella. The study was carried out on a diversity panel of 284 genotypes using 9040 SNP markers. The genotypes were differentiated in to 14 distinct clusters. The mean F ST of 0.4849, revealed major differentiation among the populations. Andean gene pool was more diverse compared to Mesoamerica gene pool which could be attributed to preference for large seeded cultivars. Multi-dimensional scaling and structure analyses revealed admixture among seed types. From genome wide association studies (GWAS), major genomic regions associated with O. spencerella resistance were identified on chromosome 1 (Pv01). The most significant SNP on Pv01 was aligned to gene PHAVU_001G075500g that is related to the Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) pathway, critical in regulating inherent immune responses to disease infection and insect herbivore attack. The diversity uncovered on the basis of market classes of beans and the presence of QTL regions associated with resistance to bean fly could serve as a valuable genetic resource for improvement of beans of different seed types in eastern and southern Africa region. Abbreviations BAK1, brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1; BLASTn, basic local alignment search tool for nucleotide; BLASTx basic local alignment search tool for translated nucleotide; BR, brassinosteroid; BSM, bean stem maggot; CIAT, International

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Resistance to Bean Fly and Population Structure of Market Classes of Common Bean

Ojwang

Eldridge

Corredor-Moreno

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…A high value is placed on specific market classes of beans which is attributed to seed size, seed shape, seed colour or even canning qualities. In Kenya, beans belonging to Nuava Granada race of Andean genepool such as red mottled or calima (locally known as Nyayo beans), red kidneys, rosecoco (pink mottled), cranberry (sugar), large red oblong or round seed types and large seeded yellow beans fetch a premium price (van Rheenen 1979). The two significant Mesoamerican bean market-classes (grain types) are small red (red haricot) and small white (navy/canning beans) which equally draw high commercial value (van Rheenen 1979;Buruchara et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Kenya, beans belonging to Nuava Granada race of Andean genepool such as red mottled or calima (locally known as Nyayo beans), red kidneys, rosecoco (pink mottled), cranberry (sugar), large red oblong or round seed types and large seeded yellow beans fetch a premium price (van Rheenen 1979). The two significant Mesoamerican bean market-classes (grain types) are small red (red haricot) and small white (navy/canning beans) which equally draw high commercial value (van Rheenen 1979;Buruchara et al 2011). The demand for specific market classes of beans has led to realignment of breeding objectives to focus on multiple trait introgression to pyramid genes for grain type, yield accumulation, resistance to major biotic and abiotic constraints, culinary and canning qualities (Hillocks et al 2006;Buruchara et al 2011;Hussein 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of genetic diversity and genome-wide association studies of bean fly (Ophiomyia spencerella) resistance in common bean

et al. 2021

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Eastern Africa is a significant region of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production and genetic diversity. Insect pests are a major biotic constraint in subsistence crop production systems. Bean fly (Ophiomyia spencerella) is a serious pest of beans in eastern Africa highlands. Breeding efforts focus on combining adaptability traits with user preferred seed types. However, lack of information on molecular markers linked to genes modulating bean fly resistance has slowed breeding progress. The objectives were to: (i) characterize genetic diversity and uncover putative bean fly resistant genotypes within diverse seed types and market classes and (ii) identify genomic regions controlling bean fly resistance using genome-wide association analysis (GWAS). A set of 276 diverse genotypes comprising local landraces and varieties from Kenya alongside introductions from International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), were assembled. The germplasm represented varied bean production ecologies and seed types. Genetic diversity conforming to Andean and Mesoamerican genepools was established. Out of 276 genotypes evaluated, 150 were Andean, 74 were Mesoamerican and 52 were admixed. Twenty-two genotypes were resistant to bean fly. Association mapping results for stem damage score and plant mortality identified six significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosomes Pv01 and Pv09. The most significant SNP marker was 12 kilobases downstream of Phvul.001G074900 gene with LOD score > 4.0 hence in linkage disequilibrium with the postulated gene. The identified candidate gene is pleiotropic and modulates both flowering time and plant responses to stress. These findings are a key step towards marker-enabled breeding in common bean for sub-Saharan Africa.

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Hormones, Adrenal‐Cortical

Avery

Woolfrey

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Adrenal‐cortical hormones, following the introduction of cortisone and hydrocortisone nearly a half‐century ago, have continued to be the drug of choice in treatment of afflictions ranging from skin rash to severe acute inflammatory disorders and are now included in many other therapeutic regimes. The adrenal cortex releases both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids; the latter influence carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and the former regulate sodium reabsorption in the kidney. Moreover, corticosteroids and their metabolites were early noted to possess powerful antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, leading to a massive increase in research in the area of steroid synthesis and physiology, imparting great impetus to the development of synthetic steroids. These exhibited activities far greater than those of the natural hormones, thereby opening the way to development of many more active antiinflammatory agents. Corticosteroids are commonly used as topicals for the suppression of symptoms, including inflammation. Though they are rarely considered curative, many diseases respond well symptomatically to treatment with them, eg, liver disease, acute spinal cord injury, organ transplants, GI diseases, and dermatologic diseases, among others. Mineralocorticoid therapy is less common. Progesterone is the key intermediate in both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthesis. Cortisol and aldosterone are results of oxidations of progesterone. The major metabolic transformations of the adrenal cortical hormones generally follow the metabolism of cortisol. The effects of adrenal‐cortical steroids are thought to result from their interaction with intracellular receptors; these are the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The primary structure of the GR has been identified as a 795 residue protein; a significant amount of 3‐D structure elucidation of the GR has been made. The process by which adrenocortical steroids impart their action is based on the action of the steroid on a receptor (GR or MR). The use of glucocorticoids leads to antiinflammatory effects by first controlling gene expression, which subsequently leads to the synthesis and/or suppression of inflammation regulatory proteins. Microorganisms are available which transform progesterone and cortisone into steroids. These steroids surpass their parent hormones in antirheumatic and antillergic activity and produce lower levels of side effects. When tested in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, fludrocortisone acetate proved to be 10 times more potent than hydrocortisone acetate. Triamcinolone possesses high glucocorticoid and antiinflammatory activity and is almost entirely devoid of salt‐retaining activity. 2α‐Methyl‐9α‐fluorocortisol has been reported to show enhanced glucocorticoid activity and greatly enhanced mineralocorticoid activity, surpassing aldosterone in sodium‐retaining and potassium‐excreting potency. Hyperaldosteronism is accompanied by elevation of blood pressure and can be treated with an aldosterone antagonist, eg, spironolactone. Antagonists of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity have found increased use in the treatment of hypertension. The most clinically useful GR antagonist is RU‐486.

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Diversity of food beans in Kenya

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Genome-Wide Association Study of Resistance to Bean Fly and Population Structure of Market Classes of Common Bean

Genome-Wide Association Study of Resistance to Bean Fly and Population Structure of Market Classes of Common Bean

Structure of genetic diversity and genome-wide association studies of bean fly (Ophiomyia spencerella) resistance in common bean

Hormones, Adrenal‐Cortical

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