Diversity of Noroviruses Cocirculating in the North of England from 1998 to 2001

Gallimore, Christopher; Green, Jonathan; Lewis, David C.; Richards, Alison F.; Lopman, Benjamin A.; Hale, Antony; Eglin, Roger; Gray, Jim; Brown, David

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.4.1396-1401.2004

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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confidence: 83%

“…Since their first detection in The Netherlands in January 1995, the GGII.4 strains have consistently been present in the Dutch population (46). These observations are in agreement with those of other surveillance studies worldwide (3,4,15,17,29,36,55).During the past 15 years, four epidemic norovirus seasons have occurred, in the winters of 1995-1996, 2002-2003, 2004-2005, and 2006-2007. These worldwide epidemics were invariantly caused by the predominant genotype, GGII.4, and were attributed to the emergence of new variant lineages of this genotype (4,31,35,52,53).…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

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Epochal Evolution of GGII.4 Norovirus Capsid Proteins from 1995 to 2006

Siebenga

Vennema

Renckens³

et al. 2007

J Virol

367

333

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Noroviruses are the causative agents of the majority of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. During the past 15 years, noroviruses of genotype GGII.4 have caused four epidemic seasons of viral gastroenteritis, during which four novel variants (termed epidemic variants) emerged and displaced the resident viruses. In order to understand the mechanisms and biological advantages of these epidemic variants, we studied the genetic changes in the capsid proteins of GGII.4 strains over this period. A representative sample was drawn from 574 GGII.4 outbreak strains collected over 15 years of systematic surveillance in The Netherlands, and capsid genes were sequenced for a total of 26 strains. The three-dimensional structure was predicted by homology modeling, using the Norwalk virus (Hu/NoV/GGI.1/Norwalk/1968/US) capsid as a reference. The highly significant preferential accumulation and fixation of mutations (nucleotide and amino acid) in the protruding part of the capsid protein provided strong evidence for the occurrence of genetic drift and selection. Although subsequent new epidemic variants differed by up to 25 amino acid mutations, consistent changes were observed in only five positions. Phylogenetic analyses showed that each variant descended from its chronologic predecessor, with the exception of the 2006b variant, which is more closely related to the 2002 variant than to the 2004 variant. The consistent association between the observed genetic findings and changes in epidemiology leads to the conclusion that population immunity plays a role in the epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus strains.Since the beginning of viral gastroenteritis outbreak surveillance in the early 1990s, noroviruses have become recognized as the major cause of reported outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Noroviruses form a genus within the family Caliciviridae and are genetically and antigenically highly variable. Currently, five distinct genogroups (GGs) are recognized. Strains belonging to GGI, GGII, and GGIV are known to cause infections in humans. The GGs have been subdivided further into genotypes, defined by a minimum amino acid sequence identity over the complete capsid sequence of 80% (1).The strains most commonly identified as the cause of outbreaks belong to genotype GGII.4. In The Netherlands, this was the case for 68% of all norovirus outbreaks that were characterized during 12 years of surveillance and for up to 81% of all health care-related outbreaks. Since their first detection in The Netherlands in January 1995, the GGII.4 strains have consistently been present in the Dutch population (46). These observations are in agreement with those of other surveillance studies worldwide (3,4,15,17,29,36,55).During the past 15 years, four epidemic norovirus seasons have occurred, in the winters of 1995-1996, 2002-2003, 2004-2005, and 2006-2007. These worldwide epidemics were invariantly caused by the predominant genotype, GGII.4, and were attributed to the emergence of new variant lineages of this genotype (4,3...

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supporting

confidence: 83%

supporting

confidence: 82%

Epochal Evolution of GGII.4 Norovirus Capsid Proteins from 1995 to 2006

Siebenga

Vennema

Renckens³

et al. 2007

J Virol

367

333

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“…Second, it has been suggested that the at Library on April 12, 2010 http://aje.oxfordjournals.org marked winter-time increase in hospital admissions for respiratory infections may drive the strong seasonality of norovirus outbreaks in this setting, and that there are distinct norovirus strains circulating in hospital populations and in the community that may have different transmission characteristics (29); therefore, the incidence of community disease or general practitioner consultations would not necessarily show the marked seasonality seen in health careassociated outbreaks. However, detailed characterization of the molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in the community is needed, for comparison with the extensive data that already exist for hospital-acquired infections (30,31), to understand better the factors driving the different seasonality of health-care outbreaks and community disease. Finally, it is also possible that there was more outof-season norovirus transmission during this study because of the emergence of a new norovirus variant, as described above (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

et al. 2010

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Existing estimates of the incidence of infectious intestinal disease (IID) caused by norovirus are based on electron microscopy or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither method accurately represents norovirus disease burden: Electron microscopy has poor diagnostic sensitivity, and RT-PCR has poor diagnostic specificity. In this study, viral load measurements were used to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and to produce new incidence estimates for England. IID cases were ascertained in the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England (1993England ( -1996, and stool specimens were tested by semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR for norovirus. The age-adjusted community incidence of norovirus-associated IID was 4.5/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 3.8, 5.2), equating to 2 million episodes/year. Among children aged less than 5 years, the community incidence was 21.4/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 15.9, 27.7), and the incidence of consultations to general practitioners for norovirus-associated IID was 3.2/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 2.6, 3.8), with 100,000 children visiting their general practitioner for norovirus-associated IID each year. Norovirus is the most common cause of IID in the community in England and is responsible for a similar number of pediatric primary care consultations as rotavirus.England; gastroenteritis; incidence; Monte Carlo method; Norovirus; primary health care; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Abbreviations: IID, infectious intestinal disease; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

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“…These viruses are frequently associated with diarrhea and vomiting in children under 5 years of age, and sporadic cases have been described for hospitalized children (9,10,22,25). NoV in particular are a major cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in adults in semiclosed institutions, including hospitals (11,24), nursing/retirement homes (11,17), cruise ships (13,30), and other settings (2,3,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Monitoring for Gastroenteric Viruses in a Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency Unit

Gallimore¹,

Taylor

Gennery

et al. 2006

J Clin Microbiol

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The aim of this study was to determine if gastroenteric viruses were present on surfaces and equipment in a pediatric primary immunodeficiency unit (PPIU) by environmental sampling using swabs and subsequent nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcriptase PCR assays. A PPIU was chosen, and 11 swabs were taken at the same sites every 2 weeks for 6 months. Nested/heminested PCR assays were used to screen for astroviruses (AsV), noroviruses (NoV), and rotaviruses (RV). AsV, NoV, and RV were detected at multiple swab sites during the study period. NoV was the most frequently detected virus on environmental surfaces; however, RV was detected on 79% and NoV on 50% of swabbing dates during the study period. Toilet taps were the most contaminated sites. Fecal samples from selected patients in the unit were also screened during the study period, and patients excreted AsV, NoV, and RV at times during the study. New cleaning schedules and changes in some of the PPIU sanitary furniture have been suggested as a means of reducing environmental contamination.

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Diversity of Noroviruses Cocirculating in the North of England from 1998 to 2001

Cited by 64 publications

References 38 publications

Epochal Evolution of GGII.4 Norovirus Capsid Proteins from 1995 to 2006

Epochal Evolution of GGII.4 Norovirus Capsid Proteins from 1995 to 2006

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

Environmental Monitoring for Gastroenteric Viruses in a Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency Unit

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