Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits: The Key Example of China

Kynický, Jindřích; Smith, Martin; Xu, Cheng

doi:10.2113/gselements.8.5.361

Cited by 228 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As many metals, the REE have affinity for oxygen and are therefore found many times in phosphatic minerals, as well as in carbonates, fluorides, and silicates [8,[32][33][34]. Phosphatic minerals can contain high REE concentrations, which are directly related to the mineral genesis [8,35,36].…”

Section: Sources and Fate Of Ree In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

et al. 2016

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Rare earth elements (REE) are a homogenous group of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table that are key to many modern industries including chemicals, consumer electronics, clean energy, transportation, health care, aviation, and defense. Moreover, in recent years, they have been used in agriculture. One of the consequences of their worldwide use is the possible increase of their levels in various environmental compartments. This review addresses major topics concerning the study of REE in the soil environment, with special attention to the latest research findings. The main sources of REE to soils, the contents of REE in soils worldwide, and relevant information on the effects of REE to plants were explored. Ecological and human health risk issues related to the presence of REE in soils were also discussed. Although several findings reported positive effects of REE on plant growth, many questions about their biological role remain unanswered. Therefore, studies concerning the actual mechanism of action of these elements on cellular and physiological processes should be further refined. Even more urgent is to unveil their chemical behavior in soils and the ecological and human health risks that might be associated with the widespread use of REE in our modern society.

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Section: Sources and Fate Of Ree In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

et al. 2016

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“…The processes behind the formation of these deposits are increasingly of interest due to the recognition of the REE as a 'critical metal' in terms of its supply security (e.g., Chakhmouradian and Wall 2012;European Commission 2014;Chakhmouradian et al 2015). Only certain carbonatites, however, are REE-rich [e.g., Mountain Pass and Bear Lodge, USA (Castor 2008;Moore et al 2015;Verplanck et al 2016); Kangankunde, Tundulu and Songwe, Malawi (Ngwenya 1994;Wall and Mariano 1996;Broom-Fendley et al 2016a, 2017a; Wigu Hill, Tanzania (Mariano 1989); Khibiny, Russia (Zaitsev et al 1998(Zaitsev et al , 2002(Zaitsev et al , 2015; Barra do Itapirapuã, Brazil (Andrade et al 1999;Ruberti et al 2008); and the Mianning-Dechang and Qinling belts in China (Kynicky et al 2012)]. It is almost always during the last stages of Abstract Carbonatites host some of the largest and highest grade rare earth element (REE) deposits but the composition and source of their REE-mineralising fluids remains enigmatic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deducing the source and composition of rare earth mineralising fluids in carbonatites: insights from isotopic (C, O, 87Sr/86Sr) data from Kangankunde, Malawi

Broom-Fendley

Wall

Spiro

et al. 2017

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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“…It was only later that the high concentrations of rare earth ore minerals and niobium were recognized, and today it is the largest ree deposit known, accounting for much of China's domination 1041 Page 2 of 23 of world production of rare earth oxides (Chakhmouradian and Wall 2012;Hatch 2012). Yet the origin of the deposit is still under much discussion (Kynicky et al 2012, andSmith et al 2014). Situated within deformed sheets of a succession of Proterozoic metasediments known as the Bayan Obo group in the north China Craton, and considered no younger than about ~1,200-1,400 Ma (Drew et al 1990;Chao et al 1997;Yang et al 2011a, b), the host rock to the Fe-nb-ree orebodies is known as "H8 Dolomite" in the published geological map of Drew and Meng (1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zircon from the East Orebody of the Bayan Obo Fe–Nb–REE deposit, China, and SHRIMP ages for carbonatite-related magmatism and REE mineralization events

Campbell

Compston

Sircombe

et al. 2014

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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match closely with those from the Mud Tank and Kovdor carbonatitic zircons. Increased Hree in rims ((lu/gd) n 43-112) relative to cores ((lu/gd) n 6-7.5) and the localized presence of xenotime are attributable to reactive, mineralizing fluid compositions enriched in Y, ree and P. Cathodoluminescence further reveals Hree fractionation in rims, evidenced by a narrow-band er 3+ emission at 405 nm. The extreme depletion of U in core and rim zircon is characteristic for this mineral deposit and is indicative of a persistent common source. U depletion is also a characteristic for zircons from carbonatitic or kimberlitic systems.232 Pb (SHrIMP II) geochronological data reveal the age of zircon cores as 1,325 ± 60 Ma and a rimalteration event as 455.6 ± 28.27 Ma. The combined findings are consistent with a protolithic igneous origin for zircon cores, from a period of intrusive, alkaline-carbonatitic magmatism. Fluid processes responsible for the ree-nb mineralizations affected zircon rim growth and degradation during the widely reported Caledonian events, providing a new example in a localized context of Hree enrichment processes.

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Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits: The Key Example of China

Cited by 228 publications

References 18 publications

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

Deducing the source and composition of rare earth mineralising fluids in carbonatites: insights from isotopic (C, O, 87Sr/86Sr) data from Kangankunde, Malawi

Zircon from the East Orebody of the Bayan Obo Fe–Nb–REE deposit, China, and SHRIMP ages for carbonatite-related magmatism and REE mineralization events

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