Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora

Eckburg, Paul B.; Bik, Elisabeth M.; Bernstein, Çharles N.; Purdom, Elizabeth; Dethlefsen, Les; Sargent, Michael; Gill, Steven R.; Nelson, Karen E.; Relman, David A.

doi:10.1126/science.1110591

Cited by 6,875 publications

(5,905 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Compelling data, however, have linked increased Prevotella abundance to inflammatory disorders, suggesting that some species exhibit distinct pathobiontic properties [65]. Inconsistency among studies may be partially due to the high inter-individual variability in gut microbiome composition at different taxonomic levels, as well as the complex multifactorial nature of periodontitis and systemic inflammatory diseases [66]. According to Duvallet and co-workers [54], there is not a unique dysbiotic microbiome associated with disease, and different diseases are characterized by distinct shifts in the gut microbiome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the gut microbiota in individuals with periodontal diseases: an exploratory study

Lourenςo

Spencer

Alm

et al. 2018

Journal of Oral Microbiology

122

109

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Background: This exploratory study aimed to characterize the gut microbiome of individuals with different periodontal conditions, and correlate it with periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction.Methods: Stool samples were obtained from individuals presenting periodontal health (PH = 7), gingivitis (G = 14) and chronic periodontitis (CP = 23). The intestinal microbiome composition was determined by Illumina MiSeq sequencing.Results: A lower alpha-diversity in the gut microbiome of individuals with CP was observed, although no significant difference among groups was found (p > 0.01). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Euryarchaeota were increased, whereas Bacteroidetes were decreased in abundance in patients with periodontitis compared to PH. Prevotella (genus), Comamonadaceae (family) and Lactobacillales (order) were detected in higher numbers in G, while Bacteroidales (order) was predominant in PH (p < 0.01). Significant correlations (rho = 0.337–0.468, p < 0.01) were found between OTUs representative of periodontal pathogens and attachment loss. Mogibacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Prevotella were able to discriminate individuals with periodontal diseases from PH (overall accuracy = 84%). Oral taxa were detected in high numbers in all stool samples.Conclusions: Individuals with periodontal diseases present a less diverse gut microbiome consistent with other systemic inflammatory diseases. High numbers of oral taxa related to periodontal destruction and inflammation were detected in the gut microbiome of individuals regardless of periodontal status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the gut microbiota in individuals with periodontal diseases: an exploratory study

Lourenςo

Spencer

Alm

et al. 2018

Journal of Oral Microbiology

122

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The gut microbiome can influence neuronal signaling to the brain through vagal afferent neurons 14. Several diseases including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergic disease are associated with alterations, disruption, and decreased biodiversity of the intestinal microbiota 8, 15, 16, 17. Obesity is associated with changes in the gut microbiota in humans11 and in animal models 8, 16.…”

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confidence: 99%

Association of Obesity with Serum Leptin, Adiponectin, and Serotonin and Gut Microflora in Beagle Dogs

Park

Lee

Kim

et al. 2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundSerotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is involved in hypothalamic regulation of energy consumption. Also, the gut microbiome can influence neuronal signaling to the brain through vagal afferent neurons. Therefore, serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system and the composition of the microbiota can be related to obesity.ObjectiveTo examine adipokine, and, serotonin concentrations, and the gut microbiota in lean dogs and dogs with experimentally induced obesity.AnimalsFourteen healthy Beagle dogs were used in this study.MethodsSeven Beagle dogs in the obese group were fed commercial food ad libitum, over a period of 6 months to increase their weight and seven Beagle dogs in lean group were fed a restricted amount of the same diet to maintain optimal body condition over a period of 6 months. Peripheral leptin, adiponectin, 5HT, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) levels were measured by ELISA. Fecal samples were collected in lean and obese groups 6 months after obesity was induced. Targeted pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using a Genome Sequencer FLX plus system.ResultsLeptin concentrations were higher in the obese group (1.98 ± 1.00) compared to those of the lean group (1.12 ± 0.07, P = .025). Adiponectin and 5‐hydroytryptamine of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) concentrations were higher in the lean group (27.1 ± 7.28) than in the obese group (14.4 ± 5.40, P = .018). Analysis of the microbiome revealed that the diversity of the microbial community was lower in the obese group. Microbes from the phylum Firmicutes (85%) were predominant group in the gut microbiota of lean dogs. However, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria (76%) were the predominant group in the gut microbiota of dogs in the obese group.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDecreased 5HT levels in obese group might increase the risk of obesity because of increased appetite. Microflora enriched with gram‐negative might be related with chronic inflammation status in obese dogs.

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“…Metagenomic approaches avoid the bias that is introduced when selective culturing is applied because ≈80% of the gut microbiota is not cultivatable ( 11 ). …”

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confidence: 99%

High Rates of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Gene Acquisition after International Travel, the Netherlands

Wintersdorff¹,

Penders²,

Stobberingh³

et al. 2014

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

119

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We investigated the effect of international travel on the gut resistome of 122 healthy travelers from the Netherlands by using a targeted metagenomic approach. Our results confirm high acquisition rates of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoding gene blaCTX-M, documenting a rise in prevalence from 9.0% before travel to 33.6% after travel (p<0.001). The prevalence of quinolone resistance encoding genes qnrB and qnrS increased from 6.6% and 8.2% before travel to 36.9% and 55.7% after travel, respectively (both p<0.001). Travel to Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent was associated with the highest acquisition rates of qnrS and both blaCTX-M and qnrS, respectively. Investigation of the associations between the acquisitions of the blaCTX-M and qnr genes showed that acquisition of a blaCTX-M gene was not associated with that of a qnrB (p = 0.305) or qnrS (p = 0.080) gene. These findings support the increasing evidence that travelers contribute to the spread of antimicrobial drug resistance.

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Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora

Cited by 6,875 publications

References 21 publications

Defining the gut microbiota in individuals with periodontal diseases: an exploratory study

Defining the gut microbiota in individuals with periodontal diseases: an exploratory study

Association of Obesity with Serum Leptin, Adiponectin, and Serotonin and Gut Microflora in Beagle Dogs

High Rates of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Gene Acquisition after International Travel, the Netherlands

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