Division of Group XVI Spiroplasmas into Subgroups

Abalain-Colloc, M. L.; Williamson, David L.; Carle, Patricia; Abalain, J. H.; Bonnet, Françoise; Tully, Joseph G.; Konai, M.; Whitcomb, Robert F.; Bové, Joseph M.; Chastel, C

doi:10.1099/00207713-43-2-342

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…), and mosquitoes (Adedes spp., Culex spp., etc.). The current status of these organisms has been summarized in several recent reviews or reports (1, 10, 15, 18, 19,38,45).We described additional isolations of tick-associated spiroplasmas in 1981 (37), including primary isolation of seven helical mollicutes from triturates of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. While these organisms were isolated directly in SP-4 spiroplasma culture medium (43), a later report showed that most of the same isolates could be cultivated from stored triturates in several continuously maintained cultured tick cell lines (53).…”

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Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Tully

Rose

Yunker

et al. 1995

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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Eight strains of mollicutes were isolated from pooled suspensions prepared from western black-legged ticks (Ixodes puciJicus) collected in Oregon. Morphologic examination by electron and dark-field microscopic techniques showed that each strain consisted of a mixture of motile, tightly coiled helical cells, small coccoid cells with diameters ranging from 300 to 500 nm, and pleomorphic, straight or branched filamentous forms. All cellular forms were surrounded by a single cytoplasmic membrane, and there was no evidence of a cell wall. The organisms were filterable and fastidious in their growth requirements. The optimum temperature for growth was 30°C, but multiplication occurred at temperatures ranging from 23 to 32°C. The strains catabolized glucose but did not hydrolyze arginine or urea. The genome size of strain Y32T (T = type strain) was 2,220 kbp, and the DNA base composition (guanine-plus-cytosine content) of this organism was 25 k 1 mol%. The eight isolates were serologically related to each other but were not related to 37 other type or representative strains belonging to the genus Spiroplasmu. Strain Y32 (= ATCC 33835) is the type strain of Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov.Spiroplasmas (class Mollicutes) are helical, motile, wall-less prokaryotes that are associated with a variety of insects, other arthropods, and some plant hosts (11,38,51). Although members of the genus Spiroplasma are usually commensal organisms in their arthropod hosts, several are pathogenic for insects and plants (11, 12,24,29,30).The occurrence of spiroplasmas in hematophagous arthropods was first demonstrated in 1976 when two serologically distinct helical mollicutes (represented by strains SMCA and 277F) were identified in rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) (4,41). Strain SMCA and two related strains were eventually characterized as Spiroplasma mirum (39). Strain 277F is serologically and genomically related to Spiroplasma citri and was assigned to subgroup 1-4 in an interim classification scheme for spiroplasmas (21,36,44). Subsequently, spiroplasmas have been identified in blood-sucking members of the Diptera, including horseflies (Tabanus spp.), deerflies (Chrysops spp.), and mosquitoes (Adedes spp., Culex spp., etc.). The current status of these organisms has been summarized in several recent reviews or reports (1, 10, 15, 18, 19,38,45).We described additional isolations of tick-associated spiroplasmas in 1981 (37), including primary isolation of seven helical mollicutes from triturates of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. While these organisms were isolated directly in SP-4 spiroplasma culture medium (43), a later report showed that most of the same isolates could be cultivated from stored triturates in several continuously maintained cultured tick cell lines (53). An extensive serologic comparison of the strains isolated from I. pacificus showed that these organisms are closely related to each other but distinct from other previously described spiroplasmas. Strain Y32T (T = type strain) was selected ...

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“…), and mosquitoes (Adedes spp., Culex spp., etc.). The current status of these organisms has been summarized in several recent reviews or reports (1, 10, 15, 18, 19,38,45).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Tully

Rose

Yunker

et al. 1995

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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“…Studies by Chastel and colleagues in France (9-12) and Shaikh and colleagues in Alabama (28) show that mosquitoes are frequent hosts of group XVI spiroplasmas. However, the mosquito spiroplasmas were found (1,4) to constitute a third subgroup (XVI-3). Members of this subgroup, because of their residence in insects that transmit arboviruses, may prove to be of special interest.…”

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“…Strain CC-lT, derived from one of five isolates, was chosen as a representative of the cluster, which was designated group XVI (33) and, more recently, subgroup XVI-1 (1,4). This group, however, eventually turned out to be complex and to contain organisms not only from beetles but from mosquitoes and flowers also.…”

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Spiroplasma cantharicola sp. nov., from Cantharid Beetles (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Whitcomb

Chastel²,

Abalain-Colloc³

et al. 1993

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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Spiroplasma strain CC-lT, isolated from the gut of the soldier beetle Cantharis carulinus, was serologically distinct from other spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups. Cells of strain CC-lT were shown by light microscopy to be helical, motile filaments. Electron microscopy showed that the cells were bounded by a single cytoplasmic membrane, with no evidence of a cell wall. The organism was insensitive to penicillin. Strain CC-lT grew well in SM-1, MlD, and SP-4 liquid media under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The strain also grew in 1% serum fraction medium. Optimal growth occurred at 32"C, with a doubling time of 2.6 h, but the strain multiplied at temperatures of 10 to 37°C. Strain CC-lT produced acid from glucose but hydrolyzed neither arginine nor urea. The guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) content of the DNA was 26 f 1 mol%. Other uncloned isolates from C. carolinus exhibited similar or identical serological patterns. On the basis of the data presented here, strain CC-lT (= ATCC 43207), previously proposed as the representative strain of subgroup XVI-1, is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma cantharicolu.In 1982, adults of the soldier beetle, Cantharis carolinus (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), were found to harbor spiroplasmas in the gut but not in the hemolymph. Strain CC-lT, derived from one of five isolates, was chosen as a representative of the cluster, which was designated group XVI (33) and, more recently, subgroup XVI-1 (1, 4). This group, however, eventually turned out to be complex and to contain organisms not only from beetles but from mosquitoes and flowers also. Abalain-Colloc and colleagues (1,4) characterized group XVI spiroplasmas by serology, DNA-DNA homology, and polyacxylamide gel electrophoresis, and proposed recognition of three subgroups. In this classification, the cluster of spiroplasma strains and isolates from C. carolinus was designated subgroup XVI-1. Chaste1 and his colleagues, in 1985, discovered (11) a large assemblage of serologically diverse spiroplasma strains in mosquitoes in France that partially cross-reacted with strain CC-lT. These spiroplasmas were later designated subgroup XVI-3 (1,4). In 1983, an apparently unrelated strain (CB-1) had been isolated from the gut of a Cantharis bilineatzm adult. Although minor reciprocal cross-reactivities between the two strains were observed when the strains were compared by metabolism inhibition, deformation, and growth inhibition serology, the two strains were at first regarded (unpublished data) as representatives of separate spiroplasma groups. However, studies of Shaikh et al. (28) on spiroplasma carriage by mosquitoes in Alabama revealed a strain, AEF-2, that showed substantial cross-reactivity between strains CC-lT and CB-1, indicating that strains CC-lT and CB-1 belonged to a single spiroplasma group. Strain CB-1 was subsequently assigned to subgroup XVI-2 (1,4). In this paper, we describe taxonomic studies on strain CC-lT (subgroup XVI-1 of * Corresponding author.

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“…Unfortunately, there is no genomic test in place today which could serve this purpose. However, the experience of mycoplasmologists over the nearly 40 years of research during which DDH and serology have been compared is sufficient to establish the essential congruence of serology and DDH (Reich et al, 1966;Somerson et al, 1967;Neimark, 1970;Askaa et al, 1978;Junca et al, 1980;Bové et al, 1982Bové et al, , 1983Aulakh et al, 1983;Stephens et al, 1983a, b;Abalain-Colloc et al, 1993;Bonnet et al, 1993;Gasparich et al, 1993). Serology is an established procedure which serves effectively as a proteomic surrogate for genomic DDH.…”

Section: The Species Concept In Mollicutesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes)

Brown

Whitcomb

Bradbury

2007

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

138

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Minimal standards for novel species of the class Mollicutes (trivial term, mollicutes), last published in 1995, require revision. The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes proposes herein revised standards that reflect recent advances in molecular systematics and the species concept for prokaryotes. The mandatory requirements are: (i) deposition of the type strain into two recognized culture collections, preferably located in different countries; (ii) deposition of the 16S rRNA gene sequence into a public database, and a phylogenetic analysis of the relationships among the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the novel species and its neighbours; (iii) deposition of antiserum against the type strain into a recognized collection; (iv) demonstration, by using the combination of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, serological analyses and supplementary phenotypic data, that the type strain differs significantly from all previously named species; and (v) assignment to an order, a family and a genus in the class, with an appropriate specific epithet. The 16S rRNA gene sequence provides the primary basis for assignment to hierarchical rank, and may also constitute evidence of species novelty, but serological and supplementary phenotypic data must be presented to substantiate this. Serological methods have been documented to be congruent with DNA-DNA hybridization data and with 16S rRNA gene placements. The novel species must be tested serologically to the greatest extent that the investigators deem feasible against all neighbouring species whose 16S rRNA gene sequences show .0.94 similarity. The investigator is responsible for justifying which characters are most meaningful for assignment to the part of the mollicute phylogenetic tree in which a novel species is located, and for providing the means by which novel species can be identified by other investigators.

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Division of Group XVI Spiroplasmas into Subgroups

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Spiroplasma cantharicola sp. nov., from Cantharid Beetles (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes)

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