“…The selective binding of DNA bases to Hg(II) and Pb(II) was also used for the development of procedures based on responses due to the cleavage or the hybridization of DNA strands. These reactions promote the (dis)assembly of DNA strands and aptamers labeled with a chemical mediator, such as methylene blue, ethyl green, ferrocene, and gold nanoparticles [9,36,37,41,137,159,175] for bioelectrochemical sensors. Competitive reactions between analyte and chemical mediators with immobilized oligonucleotides were also reported [71,140,153,160,162,164,165].…”