DNA-Based Nanostructures for Live-Cell Analysis

Abstract

DNA-based probes constitute a versatile platform for making biological measurements due to their ability to recognize both nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets, ease of synthesis and chemical modification, amenability to be interfaced with signal amplification schemes, and inherent biocompatibility. Here, we provide a historical perspective of how a transition from linear DNA structures toward more structurally complex nanostructures has revolutionized live-cell analysis. Modulating the structure gives rise to probes that can enter cells without the aid of transfection reagents and can detect, track, and quantify analytes in live cells at the single-organelle, single-cell, tissue section, and whole organism levels. We delineate the advantages and disadvantages associated with different probe architectures and describe the advances enabled by these structures for elucidating fundamental biology as well as developing improved diagnostic and theranostic systems. We also discuss the outstanding challenges in the field and outline potential solutions.

Preparation of Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles Containing a Self-immolative Poly(carbamate) Core

“…Furthermore, the high-density layer of the DNA phase in the nanostructures could be used as a nucleic acid sensor. [14][15][16] Experiments regarding the physicochemical properties of light-triggered SNA resulting from the conjugation of PC derivatives possessing a light-responsive nitrobenzyl group at the terminal are underway and will be published elsewhere. These nanoparticles, therefore, have potential for application as a new analytical biomaterial.…”

A DNA-mediated crosslinking strategy to enhance cellular delivery and sensor performance of protein spherical nucleic acids

“…22 Recently, protein with highly oriented DNA strands on surface, known as protein spherical nucleic acid (ProSNA), has been reported as a transfection agent-free delivery system that protects protein activity, facilitates its cellular uptake, and serves as intracellular probe for live-cell analysis. [23][24][25][26][27] SNA structure engages in cell-surface receptor-mediated endocytosis to promote protein transfection. 28,29 Although ProSNA has featured advantages over its native structure, but still leaves much to be desired.…”

Poly‐Cytosine Deoxyribonucleic Acid Strongly Anchoring on Graphene Oxide Due to Flexible Backbone Phosphate Interactions

“…[ 1–8 ] While many of these biosensors have been implemented in molecular beacons or other homogeneous systems, [ 9–11 ] recent research has also interfaced DNA with nanomaterials as a framework for biosensors. [ 12–16 ] The most‐studied nanomaterials for this purpose include carbon‐based (such as graphene oxide [GO] and carbon nanotubes), [ 17,18 ] metallic (e.g., gold, silver), [ 19–21 ] and metal oxide (e.g., CeO 2 , TiO 2 ) nanoparticles. [ 14 ]…”