DNA-based watermarks using the DNA-Crypt algorithm

Heider, Dominik; Barnekow, Angelika

doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-176

Cited by 133 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The most important constraint is that the full biological functionality of the gene must always be preserved, so that the tagged gene may be reintroduced in a living being by means of recombinant DNA techniques and still remain fully operative. This has actually been achieved with living organisms by Arita and Ohashi [2] and by Heider and Barnekow [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tagging a gene with the preservation of its primary structure as the sole constraint -as we have done in the previous section, and as assumed in and [1], [2] and [3]-is risky from a biological point of view. Despite the fact that m tagged genes have the exact same protein translation as the original gene x, many of those possible y sequences may have codon counts very different to that of x.…”

Section: B) Codon Count Preservation Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most fundamental strategy to tag a gene, which is essentially a digital sequence, is to modify it in such a way that it is possible to distinguish it later from the original gene (and from other differently tagged versions of it). This has sometimes been termed DNA watermarking, and a number of methods to digitally tag genes have been proposed over the last years (see [1,2,3]). DNA watermarking constraints are biological, and thus very different from the imperceptibility constraints typically used in watermarking of multimedia assets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gene tagging and the data hiding rate

Balado

Haughton

2012

IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2012)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B) Codon Count Preservation Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gene tagging and the data hiding rate

Balado

Haughton

2012

IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2012)

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“…If certain constraints are observed, DNA can also be used to convey additional arbitrary data [1,2,4,5,6,7]. It is a key fact that information embedded within DNA will travel alongside each replication, whether it takes place in vivo or in vitro, that is, whether it happens inside or outside living organisms.…”

Section: Dna Data Embedding and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of methods have been proposed over the last ten years for mathematically embedding information within DNA, the molecule that constitutes the building block of life [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. However, important issues related to DNA data embedding are not elucidated yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Shannon capacity of DNA data embedding

Balado

2010

2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

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This paper firstly gives a brief overview of information embedding in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences and its applications. DNA data embedding can be considered as a particular case of communications with or without side information, depending on the use of coding or noncoding DNA sequences, respectively. Although several DNA data embedding methods have been proposed over the last decade, it is still an open question to determine the maximum amount of information that can theoretically be embedded -that is, its Shannon capacity. This is the main question tackled in this paper.

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A Molecular Cryptosystem for Images by DNA Computing

et al. 2012

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Image encryption by immobilized DNA molecules on chips could offer significant advantages, which include vast parallelism, immense information density, high chemical stability, and energy efficiency. Several theoretical or computer simulated models for encryption and steganography of texts have been proposed on the basis of DNA molecules, [1][2][3][4] and a few DNA-based models relevant to alphanumeric information have been realized. [5][6][7][8][9][10] DNA methods were also proposed for commercial encryption of signatures [11,12] and for information storage. [13][14][15][16][17] In contrast, image encryption has received very little attention. [18,19] Although DNA computing procedures were employed in theoretical schemes, [20][21][22] no molecular encryption of images has been tested experimentally, and certainly not by methods that involve molecular computing.Herein, we report the use of parallel computing with molecular finite-state automata and fluorescently labeled DNA molecules for deciphering two different images. Both logos of the Technion and The Scripps Research Institute were encrypted on a single DNA chip. To decipher any of these images, a mixture of input molecules was processed by a molecular finite-state automaton, which led to image visualization by fluorescent, surface-bound output molecules. The huge diversity of potentially encrypted images that is offered by this strategy stems from current DNA microarray technology, with millions of printed pixels per chip, along with a plethora of possible input molecules and a variety of DNAbased automata.Our approach to meet the challenge of image encryption was based on our two-symbol-two-state finite automata [23][24][25][26][27] as a mathematical model for information retrieval by using DNA molecules (Figure 1 A). We prepared two input mole-cules In1 and In2 in the form of a linear double-stranded (ds)DNA (Figure 1 B) that contain a string of symbols, which are six base pairs (bp) each. In1 comprises the symbols ab, whereas In2 contains the string aa. Each symbol-string was followed by a six bp terminator segment (t) and a long singlestranded (ss)DNA tail (48-56 bases). This tail was designed to be uniquely complementary to one of the connecting molecules Con1 and Con2, to avoid self-hybridization, secondary structures, and cross-hybridization with incorrect connecting molecules. The connecting molecules, in the form of ssDNA, were intended to localize the output molecules on the microarray glass slide. Again, an important part of their design considered the need to prevent self-hybridization, secondary structures and cross-hybridization with incorrect molecules.The two-symbol-two-state automata were programmed by the choice of subsets from the complete library of eight transition molecules. Each such molecule, which represents a transition rule, is comprised of three parts: a recognition site for the type II endonuclease FokI, a four-base sticky end, and a spacer of between one and five bp between them (Figure 1 C). Automaton 1 (A1, Figure 1 A) includ...

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DNA-based watermarks using the DNA-Crypt algorithm

Cited by 133 publications

References 21 publications

Gene tagging and the data hiding rate

Gene tagging and the data hiding rate

On the Shannon capacity of DNA data embedding

A Molecular Cryptosystem for Images by DNA Computing

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