Methods of DNA cleavage have broad bioapplications in
gene editing,
disease treatment, and biosensor design. The traditional method for
DNA cleavage is mainly through oxidation or hydrolysis mediated by
small molecules or transition metal complexes. However, DNA cleavage
by artificial nucleases using organic polymers has been rarely reported.
Methylene blue has been extensively studied in the fields of biomedicine
and biosensing due to its excellent singlet oxygen yield, redox properties,
and good DNA affinity. Methylene blue mainly relies on light and oxygen
for DNA cleavage, and the cutting rate is slow. Here, we synthesize
cationic methylene-blue-backboned polymers (MBPs) that can bind DNA
efficiently and induce DNA cleavage through free radical mechanisms
in the absence of light and exogenous reagents, showing high-efficiency
nuclease activity. In addition, MBPs with different structures showed
selectivity for DNA cleavage, and the cleavage efficiency of the flexible
structure was significantly higher than that of the rigid structure.
Studies on the DNA cleavage mechanism have shown that the cleavage
mechanism of MBPs is not through the common ROS-mediated oxidative
cleavage pathway, but through the radical of MBP• inducing DNA cleavage. Meanwhile, MBPs can simulate topoisomerase
I (Topo I)-mediated topological rearrangement of superhelical DNA.
This work paved a way for the application of MBPs in the field of
artificial nucleases.