DNA damage response and repair pathway modulation by non-histone protein methylation: implications in neurodegeneration

Abstract

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) have emerged to be combinatorial, essential mechanisms used by eukaryotic cells to regulate local chromatin structure, diversify and extend their protein functions and dynamically coordinate complex intracellular signalling processes. Most common types of PTMs include enzymatic addition of small chemical groups resulting in phosphorylation, glycosylation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, nitrosylation, methylation, acetylation or covalent attachment of complete proteins such as ubiquitin and SUMO. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) enzymes catalyse the methylation of arginine and lysine residues in target proteins, respectively. Rapid progress in quantitative proteomic analysis and functional assays have not only documented the methylation of histone proteins posttranslationally but also identified their occurrence in non-histone proteins which dynamically regulate a plethora of cellular functions including DNA damage response and repair. Emerging advances have now revealed the role of both histone and nonhistone methylations in the regulating the DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, thereby modulating the DNA repair pathways both in proliferating and post-mitotic neuronal cells. Defects in many cellular DNA repair processes have been found primarily manifested in neuronal tissues. Moreover, fine tuning of the dynamicity of methylation of non-histone proteins as well as the perturbations in this dynamic methylation processes have recently been implicated in neuronal genomic stability maintenance. Considering the impact of methylation on chromatin associated pathways, in this review we attempt to link the evidences in nonhistone protein methylation and DDR with neurodegenerative research.

Lysine methyltransferase inhibitors: where we are now

“…As a result, these proteins have been related to several disease conditions such as cancer and neurodegeneration. [4][5][6][7][8] These findings make KMTs an appealing target for therapeutic intervention and encouraged the identification of modulators of these enzymes. A first group of KMTs includes around 55 members which share a common evolutionarily conserved SET [Su(var), 9 Enhancer of zeste, 10 Trithorax 11 ] domain which is responsible of the catalytic activity.…”

Damage-Net: A program for DNA repair meta-analysis identifies a network of novel repair genes that facilitate cancer evolution

“…The group 4 ACC genes primarily consist of genes relating to cytoskeleton/chromatin organisation and gene expression/ribosomes ( Fig. 4 D) which we found particularly interesting in light of the burgeoning fields of RNA binding proteins and chromatin remodellers in DNA repair [ [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] ].…”

Research Progress on the Anticancer Activities and Mechanisms of Polysaccharides From Ganoderma

“…DNA damage response plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability ( Urulangodi and Mohanty, 2020 ). Dysregulated DNA damage repair pathways are linked with cancer occurrence and development ( Li LY.…”