“…On the other hand, as a novel Cd 2+ detection tool, biosensors depend on specific recognition systems such as enzymes/substrates, antigens/antibodies, and targets/aptamers. [19][20][21][22][23] However, the performance of enzyme biosensors are sensitive to physical and chemical factors such as temperature, pressure, UV radiations, and pH. Furthermore, antibodies are difficult to be obtained against metal ions and are expensive to test, as synthesized by animal systems.…”