DNA sequence variation and methylation in an arsenic tolerant earthworm population

Kille, Peter; André, Jane; Anderson, C. A.; Ang, Hui Na; Bruford, Michael William; Bundy, Jacob G.; Donnelly, Robert K.; Hodson, Mark E.; Juma, Gabriela Alexandra Pinto; Lahive, Elma; Morgan, Andrew; Stürzenbaum, Stephen R.; Spurgeon, David J.

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.014

Cited by 71 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Unfortunately, their study was based on RAPD profiles, so it is impossible to infer if these genotypes correspond to particular A. caliginosa mitochondrial lineages. Similar phenomena have also been reported for other earthworm species: e.g., Kille et al (2013) demonstrated that two cryptic lineages of L. rubellus react differently to soil contamination by arsenic. However, in this study we observed no obvious patterns of habitat preference in A. caliginosa lineages.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Different dispersal histories of lineages of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Lumbricidae, Annelida) in the Palearctic

2015

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Earthworms are among the most abundant and ecologically important invasive species, and are therefore a good object for studying genetic processes in invasive populations. Aporrectodea caliginosa is one of the most widespread invasive earthworms in the temperate zone. It is believed to have dispersed from Europe to all continents except Antarctica. It is known that A. caliginosa consists of three genetic lineages, and genetic diversity is high both among and between them. We attempted to use that high genetic diversity to study A. caliginosa dispersal in the Palearctic based on a sample of 40 localities ranging from eastern Europe to the Russian Far East, and to compare our data to other studies on this species in western Europe and North America. Two genetic lineages were found in the studied sample. Only negligible decrease in genetic diversity was observed for the lineage 2 of A. caliginosa from West Europe to the Far East, suggesting multiple human-mediated introductions.In contrast, lineage 3 is abundant in West Europe and Belarus, but is absent from the East European Plain, the Urals, and the Far East. However, it is present in West Siberia, where it has greatly reduced genetic diversity, indicating long-distance dispersal accompanied by a bottleneck event. Thus, although these two lineages of A. caliginosa are morphologically indistinguishable, they have dramatic differences in their distributions and dispersal histories.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Different dispersal histories of lineages of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Lumbricidae, Annelida) in the Palearctic

2015

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“…Cardinale et al (32) suggested two ways that disturbance can moderate relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: it can increase the chance that diversity generates unique system properties, and it can suppress the probability of ecological processes being controlled by a single taxon. Urbanization not only modifies existing disturbance regimes (e.g., fire and flood management), it also creates novel disturbances including disrupted dispersal pathways or stressors, ecotoxins and pollutants (33,34). Examples of phenotypic changes in response to new toxins include earthworms' tolerance to metals (33) and changes in endocrine systems of fish and birds (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urbanization not only modifies existing disturbance regimes (e.g., fire and flood management), it also creates novel disturbances including disrupted dispersal pathways or stressors, ecotoxins and pollutants (33,34). Examples of phenotypic changes in response to new toxins include earthworms' tolerance to metals (33) and changes in endocrine systems of fish and birds (34). Low statistical power might have hindered a stronger observed effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations

Alberti

Correa

Marzluff

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

404

312

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Humans challenge the phenotypic, genetic, and cultural makeup of species by affecting the fitness landscapes on which they evolve. Recent studies show that cities might play a major role in contemporary evolution by accelerating phenotypic changes in wildlife, including animals, plants, fungi, and other organisms. Many studies of ecoevolutionary change have focused on anthropogenic drivers, but none of these studies has specifically examined the role that urbanization plays in ecoevolution or explicitly examined its mechanisms. This paper presents evidence on the mechanisms linking urban development patterns to rapid evolutionary changes for species that play important functional roles in communities and ecosystems. Through a metaanalysis of experimental and observational studies reporting more than 1,600 phenotypic changes in species across multiple regions, we ask whether we can discriminate an urban signature of phenotypic change beyond the established natural baselines and other anthropogenic signals. We then assess the relative impact of five types of urban disturbances including habitat modifications, biotic interactions, habitat heterogeneity, novel disturbances, and social interactions. Our study shows a clear urban signal; rates of phenotypic change are greater in urbanizing systems compared with natural and nonurban anthropogenic systems. By explicitly linking urban development to traits that affect ecosystem function, we can map potential ecoevolutionary implications of emerging patterns of urban agglomerations and uncover insights for maintaining key ecosystem functions upon which the sustainability of human wellbeing depends.ecoevolution | urbanization | ecosystem function | sustainability | anthropocene E merging evidence of phenotypic change on contemporary timescales challenges the assumption that evolution only occurs over hundreds or thousands of years. Anthropogenic changes in ecological conditions can drive evolutionary change in species traits that can alter ecosystem function (1-3). However, the reciprocal and simultaneous outcomes of such interactions have only begun to emerge (4). Despite increasing evidence that humans are major drivers of microevolution, the role of human activities in such dynamics is still unclear. Might human-driven evolution lead to ecosystem change with consequences for human well-being within contemporary timescales (5, 6)?To address this question, human-driven phenotypic change must be considered in the context of global rapid urbanization. In 1950, 30% of the world's population lived in urban settlements (7). By 2014, that figure had risen to 54%, and by 2050 it is expected to reach 66% (7). By 2030, urban land cover is forecast to increase by 1.2 million km 2 , almost tripling the global urban land area of 2000 (8). Urbanization drives systemic changes to socioecological systems by accelerating rates of interactions among people, multiplying connections among distant places, and expanding the spatial scales and ecological consequences of human activities to glo...

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“…According to Sechi (2013), speciation within the L. rubellus taxon may have first arisen through allopatric speciation during the last European glaciation event whereby lineages were geographically isolated into separate refugia during the glacial period, followed by secondary contact between lineages in the post-glacial period. The two lineages have remained genetically distinct despite living in sympatry (Andre et al, 2010), but differ in subtle aspects of phenotypic expression, such as disparate responses to high levels of arsenic exposure (Kille et al, 2013) or minor morphological traits (Donnelly et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The worm has turned: Behavioural drivers of reproductive isolation between cryptic lineages

Jones

Wills

Morgan

et al. 2016

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

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a b s t r a c tBehavioural processes such as species recognition and mate attraction signals enforce and reinforce the reproductive isolation required for speciation. The earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in the UK is deeply differentiated into two major genetic lineages, 'A' and 'B'. These are often sympatric at certain sites, but it is not known whether they are to some extent reproductively isolated. Behavioural tests were performed, in which individually genotyped worms were able to choose between soils previously worked either by genetically similar or dissimilar individuals (N ¼ 45). We found that individuals (75%) were significantly (P < 0.05) more likely to orientate towards the soil conditioned by worms of their own lineage. Further testing involved a choice design based on filter papers wetted with water extracts of soils worked by a different genotype on each side (N ¼ 18) or extracts from worked soil vs. un-worked control soil (N ¼ 10). Again, earthworms orientated towards the extract from their kindred genotype (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that genotype-specific water-soluble chemicals are released by L. rubellus; furthermore, they are behaviour-modifying, and play a role in reproductive isolation between sympatric earthworm lineages of cryptic sibling species, through pre-copulatory assortative mate choice.

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DNA sequence variation and methylation in an arsenic tolerant earthworm population

Cited by 71 publications

References 53 publications

Different dispersal histories of lineages of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Lumbricidae, Annelida) in the Palearctic

Different dispersal histories of lineages of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Lumbricidae, Annelida) in the Palearctic

Global urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations

The worm has turned: Behavioural drivers of reproductive isolation between cryptic lineages

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