“…The types of environmental and lifestyle-related chemicals assessed were diverse. Twenty-seven studies used questionnaires to investigate the type of maternal smoking during pregnancy (also see Tables 1 to 5 ), including maternal active smoking, passive smoking, or secondhand smoking [ 20 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 38 – 40 , 46 , 56 , 60 – 62 , 68 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 79 , 80 , 82 – 87 ]. Three studies examined the biomarker levels related to maternal smoking including cotinine levels [ 47 , 49 , 51 ].…”