Do alcohol and cocaine abuse alter the course of HIV-associated dementia complex?

Tyor, William R.; Middaugh, Lawrence D.

doi:10.1002/jlb.65.4.475

Cited by 51 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…Alcohol abuse has been shown to cause neurological dysfunction and disruption of the BBB (for review, see Tyor and Middaugh 1999;Mann et al 2001;Meyerhoff 2001). Its metabolism generated reactive oxygen species that caused phosphorylation of myosin light chain and TJP.…”

Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunity and the Blood–Brain Barrier: Molecular Regulation of Leukocyte Transmigration and Viral Entry into the Nervous System with a Focus on NeuroAIDS

Buckner

Luers

Calderon

et al. 2006

Jrnl NeuroImmune Pharm

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HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in neurologic dysfunction with devastating consequences in a significant number of individuals with AIDS. Two main CNS complications in individuals with HIV are encephalitis and dementia, which are characterized by leukocyte infiltration into the CNS, microglia activation, aberrant chemokine expression, bloodbrain barrier (BBB) disruption, and eventual damage and/or loss of neurons. One of the major mediators of NeuroAIDS is the transmigration of HIV-infected leukocytes across the BBB into the CNS. This review summarizes new key findings that support a critical role of the BBB in regulating leukocyte transmigration. In addition, we discuss studies on communication among cells of the immune system, BBB, and the CNS parenchyma, and suggest how these interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of Neuro-AIDS. We also describe some of the animal models that have been used to study and characterize important mechanisms that have been proposed to be involved in HIV-induced CNS dysfunction. Finally, we review the pharmacologic interventions

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Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunity and the Blood–Brain Barrier: Molecular Regulation of Leukocyte Transmigration and Viral Entry into the Nervous System with a Focus on NeuroAIDS

Buckner

Luers

Calderon

et al. 2006

Jrnl NeuroImmune Pharm

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show abstract

“…In addition to being an HIV infection risk factor (Mccoy et al, 2004), cocaine appears to detrimentally modify the HIV disease process (Goodkin et al, 1998). Further, cocaine directly influences the immune system as demonstrated by increases in TNF alpha and IL-6 production after cocaine exposure and excessive exposure to these proinflammatory cytokines could be detrimental to brain tissue [see Review (Tyor and Middaugh, 1999)]. Thus, in addition to reducing HIV medication compliance (Arnsten et al, 2002), these findings suggest that cocaine abuse is capable of accelerating HIV-associated complications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SCID mice, inoculated with HIVinfected macrophages, model many features of HAD such as gliosis and HIV-infected mononuclear phagocytes (Avgeropoulos et al, 1998b;Persidsky et al, 1996;Tyor et al, 1993) as well as cognitive impairments (Avgeropoulos et al, 1998b;Griffin et al, 2004). As such, the SCID mouse model of HIV encephalitis can help elucidate the interactive effects of cocaine and HIV on indexes of neuropathological damage and behavioral deficts (Tyor and Middaugh, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic cocaine exposure in the SCID mouse model of HIV encephalitis

2007

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Clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that cocaine exposure hastens progression of the HIV disease process. An established active, euphoric dose of cocaine (20 mg/kg) was administered to SCID mice according to a regimen consistent with exposure to the drug by cocaine-abusing HIVinfected patients to determine the effects of cocaine on four previously established pathological characteristics of HIV encephalitis: cognitive deficits, fatigue, astrogliosis, and microgliosis. Mice were intracranially inoculated with either HIV-infected, or uninfected macrophages and then injected with either cocaine or saline in a 2(Infection) × 2(Cocaine) factorial design. Cognition was assessed by acquisition and retention of a spatially cued learning task. Fatigue was assessed by monitoring motor activity following a 2 minute forced swim. Mice were then sacrificed to determine the extent of astrogliosis and microgliosis in the four groups. Results indicated that in comparison to uninfected controls, HIV positive mice had increased astrogliosis and microgliosis, cognitive deficits, and recovered more slowly from fatigue. However, despite evidence that the cocaine exposure regimen activated the central nervous system and had long-term CNS effects, the drug did not alter the behavioral or the neuropathological deficits noted in HIV-infected SCID mice.

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“…The previous two sections suggest that both HIV infection and chronic heavy drinking have similar and profound effects on the immune system (for extensive reviews, including immunological and behavioral concepts, see Dingle and Oei 1997;Petry 1999;Tyor and Middaugh 1999). Therefore, researchers have postulated that chronic alcohol use by HIV-positive people may exacerbate the immunological abnormalities that are associated with HIV infection.…”

Section: Effects Of Combined Hiv Infection and Alcohol Use On The Immmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Alcohol on Central Nervous System and HIV Infection: A Study on Dhankuts Living in District Bahraich of Uttar Pradesh, India

Chantia

Misra

2011

Studies on Ethno-Medicine

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Do alcohol and cocaine abuse alter the course of HIV-associated dementia complex?

Cited by 51 publications

References 108 publications

Neuroimmunity and the Blood–Brain Barrier: Molecular Regulation of Leukocyte Transmigration and Viral Entry into the Nervous System with a Focus on NeuroAIDS

Neuroimmunity and the Blood–Brain Barrier: Molecular Regulation of Leukocyte Transmigration and Viral Entry into the Nervous System with a Focus on NeuroAIDS

Chronic cocaine exposure in the SCID mouse model of HIV encephalitis

Effect of Alcohol on Central Nervous System and HIV Infection: A Study on Dhankuts Living in District Bahraich of Uttar Pradesh, India

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