Do all creatures possess an acquired immune system of some sort?

Rimer, Jacob; Cohen, Irun R.; Friedman, Nir

doi:10.1002/bies.201300124

Cited by 57 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Moreover, CRISPR-Cas presents the best known case for heritable acquired immunity that appears to qualify as a Lamarckian mode of evolution (84, 87). Thus, it has been speculated that all organisms possess some forms of both innate and acquired immunity (137). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Genomics of Defense Systems in Archaea and Bacteria

Koonin

Makarova²,

Wolf³

2017

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

283

235

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Evolution of bacteria and archaea involves an incessant arms race against an enormous diversity of genetic parasites. Accordingly, a substantial fraction of the genes in most bacteria and archaea are dedicated to antiparasite defense. The functions of these defense systems follow several distinct strategies, including innate immunity; adaptive immunity; and dormancy induction, or programmed cell death. Recent comparative genomic studies taking advantage of the expanding database of microbial genomes and metagenomes, combined with direct experiments, resulted in the discovery of several previously unknown defense systems, including innate immunity centered on Argonaute proteins, bacteriophage exclusion, and new types of CRISPR-Cas systems of adaptive immunity. Some general principles of function and evolution of defense systems are starting to crystallize, in particular, extensive gain and loss of defense genes during the evolution of prokaryotes; formation of genomic defense islands; evolutionary connections between mobile genetic elements and defense, whereby genes of mobile elements are repeatedly recruited for defense functions; the partially selfish and addictive behavior of the defense systems; and coupling between immunity and dormancy induction/programmed cell death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Genomics of Defense Systems in Archaea and Bacteria

Koonin

Makarova²,

Wolf³

2017

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

283

235

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“…The insect innate immune response, however, has been shown to develop specificity against only a small fraction of pathogenic challenges (27, 28). This observation suggests at least two possibilities for the generation of specific and long-lasting protection in insects.…”

Section: A Potential Mechanism For Acquired Immunity In Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory and Specificity in the Insect Immune System: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges

2017

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The immune response of a host to a pathogen is typically described as either innate or adaptive. The innate form of the immune response is conserved across all organisms, including insects. Previous and recent research has focused on the nature of the insect immune system and the results imply that the innate immune response of insects is more robust and specific than previously thought. Priming of the insect innate immune system involves the exposure of insects to dead or a sublethal dose of microbes in order to elicit an initial response. Comparing subsequent infections in primed insects to non-primed individuals indicates that the insect innate immune response may possess some of the qualities of an adaptive immune system. Although some studies demonstrate that the protective effects of priming are due to a “loitering” innate immune response, others have presented more convincing elements of adaptivity. While an immune mechanism capable of producing the same degree of recognition specificity as seen in vertebrates has yet to be discovered in insects, a few interesting cases have been identified and discussed.

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“…However, the CRISPR-Cas system of adaptive immunity, which this work seeks to model, cannot be expected to follow these simple regimes given its dynamic evolution that involves rapid acquisition of immunity to a particular virus or plasmid along with loss and gain of entire CRISPR-Cas loci [36]. Thus, more realistic models should take into account that adaptive immunity systems are characterized by the existence of immune memory that enhances the response in individuals encountering a familiar challenge [37,38]. Originally non-immune ("native") individuals can acquire the adaptive response capacity that persists at timescales relevant for our model.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudo-chaotic oscillations in CRISPR-virus coevolution predicted by bifurcation analysis

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe CRISPR-Cas systems of adaptive antivirus immunity are present in most archaea and many bacteria, and provide resistance to specific viruses or plasmids by inserting fragments of foreign DNA into the host genome and then utilizing transcripts of these spacers to inactivate the cognate foreign genome. The recent development of powerful genome engineering tools on the basis of CRISPR-Cas has sharply increased the interest in the diversity and evolution of these systems. Comparative genomic data indicate that during evolution of prokaryotes CRISPR-Cas loci are lost and acquired via horizontal gene transfer at high rates. Mathematical modeling and initial experimental studies of CRISPR-carrying microbes and viruses reveal complex coevolutionary dynamics.ResultsWe performed a bifurcation analysis of models of coevolution of viruses and microbial host that possess CRISPR-Cas hereditary adaptive immunity systems. The analyzed Malthusian and logistic models display complex, and in particular, quasi-chaotic oscillation regimes that have not been previously observed experimentally or in agent-based models of the CRISPR-mediated immunity. The key factors for the appearance of the quasi-chaotic oscillations are the non-linear dependence of the host immunity on the virus load and the partitioning of the hosts into the immune and susceptible populations, so that the system consists of three components.ConclusionsBifurcation analysis of CRISPR-host coevolution model predicts complex regimes including quasi-chaotic oscillations. The quasi-chaotic regimes of virus-host coevolution are likely to be biologically relevant given the evolutionary instability of the CRISPR-Cas loci revealed by comparative genomics. The results of this analysis might have implications beyond the CRISPR-Cas systems, i.e. could describe the behavior of any adaptive immunity system with a heritable component, be it genetic or epigenetic. These predictions are experimentally testable.Reviewers’ reportsThis manuscript was reviewed by Sandor Pongor, Sergei Maslov and Marek Kimmel. For the complete reports, go to the Reviewers’ Reports section.

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Do all creatures possess an acquired immune system of some sort?

Cited by 57 publications

References 83 publications

Evolutionary Genomics of Defense Systems in Archaea and Bacteria

Evolutionary Genomics of Defense Systems in Archaea and Bacteria

Memory and Specificity in the Insect Immune System: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges

Pseudo-chaotic oscillations in CRISPR-virus coevolution predicted by bifurcation analysis

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