“…Second, our research follows the path of the burgeoning number of studies that provide evidence on the determinants of labor investment efficiency. Previous studies focus mainly on firm‐level characteristics, such as financial report quality (Jung et al, 2014), CEO–director ties (Khedmati et al, 2019), stock price informativeness (Ben‐Nasr & Alshwer, 2016), CSR (Cao & Rees, 2020), analyst coverage (Lee & Mo, 2020), CEO overconfidence (Lai et al, 2020), institutional investors' horizons (Ghaly et al, 2020), accounting comparability (Zhang et al, 2020), competitive threats (Boubaker et al, 2021), equity compensation (Sualihu et al, 2021), and shareholder litigation rights (Do & Le, 2021) in a single country. Beyond these studies, our knowledge regarding a broader range of countries is limited.…”