Do ancient wheats contain less gluten than modern bread wheat, in favour of better health?

Abstract

Popular media messaging has led to increased public perception that gluten‐containing foods are bad for health. In parallel, ‘ancient grains’ have been promoted with claims that they contain less gluten. There appears to be no clear definition of ‘ancient grains’ but the term usually includes einkorn, emmer, spelt and Khorasan wheat. Gluten is present in all wheat grains and all can induce coeliac disease (CD) in genetically susceptible individuals. Analyses of ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ wheats show that the protein content of modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has decreased over time while the starch content increased. In addition, it was shown that, compared to bread wheat, ancient wheats contain more protein and gluten and greater contents of many CD‐active epitopes. Consequently, no single wheat type can be recommended as better for reducing the risks of or mitigating the severity of CD. An estimated 10% of the population of Western countries suffers from gastrointestinal symptoms that lack a clear organic cause and is often referred to as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Many of these patients consider themselves gluten sensitive, but in most cases this is not confirmed when tested in a medical setting. Instead, it may be caused by gas formation due to fermentation of fructans present in wheat or, in some patients, effects of non‐gluten proteins. A significant overlap of symptoms with those of CD, IBS and inflammatory bowel disease makes a medical diagnosis a priority. This critical narrative review examines the suggestion that ‘ancient’ wheat types are preferred for health and better tolerance.

Processing and Bread-Making Quality Profile of Spanish Spelt Wheat

“…In some cases, this renaissance has been associated with the supposed miraculous properties of these old crops. In general, such statements are not supported by any scientific basis and both the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of ancient wheats have been shown to be very similar to those of modern wheat [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. However, other real benefits, such as the expansion of diversity in food, are little appreciated.…”

“…At the same time, this renewed interest has resulted in the development of numerous studies on these species, comparing their characteristics with the ones of modern wheat [ 50 , 51 ]. However, many of these studies have been carried out with a limited number of genotypes [ 37 ], which could create bias in the results and undervalue the true role of these old materials.…”

Wheat-Based Glues in Conservation and Cultural Heritage: (Dis)solving the Proteome of Flour and Starch Pastes and Their Adhering Properties

“…It was found that the high-yielding modern varieties have a lower protein content and decreased proportions of gliadins but an increase in glutenins. , The gliadin/glutenin proportion similarly varies by wheat species: while glutenin is the dominant fraction in common wheat, gliadin makes up the highest fraction in species of so-called ancient wheats (einkorn, emmer, and spelt) as well as having an overall higher protein content. , Environmental conditions such as soil, temperature, and irrigation also play a role in protein composition . In parallel to a decrease in overall protein content in modern bread wheat, the starch content has increased . In the past, a pure starch paste might, therefore, have been challenging to achieve, based on a lower starch content and imperfect techniques to separate starch from flour, resulting in a starch paste containing a higher protein content.…”

“… 104 In parallel to a decrease in overall protein content in modern bread wheat, the starch content has increased. 105 In the past, a pure starch paste might, therefore, have been challenging to achieve, based on a lower starch content and imperfect techniques to separate starch from flour, resulting in a starch paste containing a higher protein content. Our analyses here show that, even in commercial starch, a significant amount of proteins, including some gluten, is found.…”

Alien introgression to wheat for food security: functional and nutritional quality for novel products under climate change

“…Furthermore, plant breeding of wheat might have contributed to a decrease in the nutritional quality, e.g., minerals and phytochemicals, of the wheat, and breeding toward improved bread-making quality may have resulted in an increase in components having a negative effect on human health (allergy, coeliac disease, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome) (23). However, recent studies (24,25) have found no evidence of a lower quality of modern wheat for human health as compared to ancient wheat genotypes. Instead, some studies have indicated the modern processing methods of wheat as a risk factor of their health impact (26).…”