Do collagenases unwind triple‐helical collagen before peptide bond hydrolysis? Reinterpreting experimental observations with mathematical models

Nerenberg, Paul S.; Salsas-Escat, Ramon; Stultz, Collin M.

doi:10.1002/prot.21687

Cited by 40 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Although thermal relaxation of the cleavage site is important for MMP-1 binding, this alone is not sufficient for efficient collagenolysis (17,37). We propose that mammalian collagenases do not serve merely as passive acceptors of spontaneously occurring unfolded collagen states (44,45), but they promote a local perturbation of the triple helix that facilitates collagenolysis. The recently reported NMR study supports this notion by demonstrating a weakening of the collagen interchain contacts in the complex with MMP-1 (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Structural insights into triple-helical collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 1

Manka

Carafoli

Visse

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

193

310

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Collagenases of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family play major roles in morphogenesis, tissue repair, and human diseases, but how they recognize and cleave the collagen triple helix is not fully understood. Here, we report temperature-dependent binding of a catalytically inactive MMP-1 mutant (E200A) to collagen through the cooperative action of its catalytic and hemopexin domains. Contact between the two molecules was mapped by screening the Collagen Toolkit peptide library and by hydrogen/deuterium exchange. The crystal structure of MMP-1(E200A) bound to a triplehelical collagen peptide revealed extensive interactions of the 115-Å-long triple helix with both MMP-1 domains. An exosite in the hemopexin domain, which binds the leucine 10 residues C-terminal to the scissile bond, is critical for collagenolysis and represents a unique target for inhibitor development. The scissile bond is not correctly positioned for hydrolysis in the crystallized complex. A productive binding mode is readily modeled, without altering the MMP-1 structure or the exosite interactions, by axial rotation of the collagen homotrimer. Interdomain flexing of the enzyme and a localized excursion of the collagen chain closest to the active site, facilitated by thermal loosening of the substrate, may lead to the first transition state of collagenolysis. extracellular matrix | X-ray crystallography | protease T he interstitial collagens I, II, and III are the major structural proteins in connective tissues such as skin, bone, cartilage, tendon, and blood vessels (1). They consist of three α chains with repeating Gly-X-Y triplets (X and Y are often proline and hydroxyproline, respectively) that intertwine each other to form a triple helix of ∼300 nm in length (2). Interstitial collagens are resistant to most proteolytic enzymes, but vertebrate collagenases cleave them at a single site approximately three-quarters of the way from the N terminus of the triple helix, thus initiating collagenolysis (3). Owing to this unique activity, collagenases play important roles in embryo development, morphogenesis, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and human diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, and atherosclerosis (4, 5).Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) is a typical vertebrate collagenase (3). It consists of an N-terminal catalytic (Cat) domain containing an active-site zinc ion and a C-terminal hemopexin (Hpx) domain comprised of a four-bladed β-propeller, which are connected by a linker region (6, 7). Although the Cat domain can cleave a number of noncollagenous proteins including heat-denatured collagen (gelatin), its activity on native triplehelical collagen is negligible. The combination of the Cat and Hpx domains is required for MMP-1 to be able to degrade native collagen, and the same is true for all other collagenolytic MMPs, namely MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-14 (3). How collagenases interact with collagen and how the Hpx domain endows these enzymes with collagenolytic activity is not clearly understood. Another enigma of collagenolysis bec...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Structural insights into triple-helical collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 1

Manka

Carafoli

Visse

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

193

310

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Previous studies have noted that the segment surrounding the collagenase/MMP-1 (13) cleavage site may be partly unfolded at physiological temperatures (35,37,38), and MMP-1 is believed to require local unwinding of the collagen triple helix for cleavage (35). Collagenolysis does not, however, require any energy input (35); instead a thermodynamic mechanism involving specific MMP-1 binding to this site has been proposed (39). The MMP-1 hemopexin domain is likely involved in this mechanism (35), and its proposed recognition site, RGER (28), overlaps with the [8][9] FnI-binding site identified here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and structural analysis of type I collagen sites in complex with fibronectin fragments

Erat¹,

Slatter

Lowe

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

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Collagen and fibronectin are major components of vertebrate extracellular matrices. Their association and distribution control the development and properties of diverse tissues, but thus far no structural information has been available for the complex formed. Here, we report binding of a peptide, derived from the ␣1 chain of type I collagen, to the gelatin-binding domain of human fibronectin and present the crystal structure of this peptide in complex with the 8 -9 FnI domain pair. Both gelatin-binding domain subfragments, 6 FnI 1-2 FnII 7 FnI and 8 -9 FnI, bind the same specific sequence on D-period 4 of collagen I ␣1, adjacent to the MMP-1 cleavage site. 8 -9 FnI also binds the equivalent sequence of the ␣2 chain. The collagen peptide adopts an antiparallel ␤-strand conformation, similar to structures of proteins from pathogenic bacteria bound to FnI domains. Analysis of the type I collagen sequence suggests multiple putative fibronectin-binding sites compatible with our structural model. We demonstrate, by kinetic unfolding experiments, that the triple-helical collagen state is destabilized by 8 -9 FnI. This finding suggests a role for fibronectin in collagen proteolysis and tissue remodeling.collagen destabilization ͉ extracellular matrix ͉ protein structure C ollagen is the most abundant protein in mammals, accounting for Ϸ25% of the body-protein content. It is crucial for effects as diverse as cell differentiation, cell migration, and mechanical properties of tissues. Many human diseases have their origin in mutations that affect interactions of collagen with other extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and cell receptors (1). Type I collagen fibrils form spontaneously in vitro; in vivo, however, formation requires integrin receptors and fibronectin (FN) (2). FN is a large glycosylated protein composed of multiple copies of 3 classes of domains, FnI, FnII, and FnIII, that forms fibrils in the ECM (3). It plays a role in many important physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, wound healing, hemostasis, and thrombosis (4), and disruption of the FN gene is embryonic lethal in mice (5).The interaction of these 2 proteins has long been demonstrated in vitro by using denatured collagen (gelatin) (6, 7) and isolated collagen type I chains or chain fragments (8, 9). The collagen-binding site on FN has been localized to the 42-kDa gelatin-binding domain (GBD; for an overview of FN and collagen fragments see Fig. 1) (10, 11), and anti-GBD antibodies inhibit collagen organization in fibroblast cultures (12). Similarly, experiments in cultures have identified the collagenase/ MMP-1 (13) cleavage site in type I collagen as important for FN-mediated attachment of fibroblasts to collagen ECM (14). Peptides spanning that region (15) or MMP-1 cleavage at this site (6) inhibit attachment. However, attempts to reconstitute the FN-collagen interaction in vitro by using synthetic peptides failed to find strong, specific, interactions (8,9), and the precise sequence determinants for FN-binding to collagen remained unknown...

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“…The fact that collagen recognition sites are not physically accessible to ligands suggests either that the structural predictions for collagen are not entirely correct or that collagen structure in vivo is fluid. The plasticity of collagen structure is supported by data suggesting that, at sites of collagenase cleavage, collagen exists in a partially unfolded conformation (124). Furthermore, at body temperature collagen may be thermodynamically unstable (94) and more readily available for proteolytic degradation.…”

Section: Collagen Synthesis Processing and Structurementioning

confidence: 94%

Always cleave up your mess: targeting collagen degradation to treat tissue fibrosis

McKleroy

Lee

Atabai

2013

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

211

169

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Pulmonary fibrosis is a vexing clinical problem with no proven therapeutic options. In the normal lung there is continuous collagen synthesis and collagen degradation, and these two processes are precisely balanced to maintain normal tissue architecture. With lung injury there is an increase in the rate of both collagen production and collagen degradation. The increase in collagen degradation is critical in preventing the formation of permanent scar tissue each time the lung is exposed to injury. In pulmonary fibrosis, collagen degradation does not keep pace with collagen production, resulting in extracellular accumulation of fibrillar collagen. Collagen degradation occurs through both extracellular and intracellular pathways. The extracellular pathway involves cleavage of collagen fibrils by proteolytic enzyme including the metalloproteinases. The less-well-described intracellular pathway involves binding and uptake of collagen fragments by fibroblasts and macrophages for lysosomal degradation. The relationship between these two pathways and their relevance to the development of fibrosis is complex. Fibrosis in the lung, liver, and skin has been associated with an impaired degradative environment. Much of the current scientific effort in fibrosis is focused on understanding the pathways that regulate increased collagen production. However, recent reports suggest an important role for collagen turnover and degradation in regulating the severity of tissue fibrosis. The objective of this review is to evaluate the roles of the extracellular and intracellular collagen degradation pathways in the development of fibrosis and to examine whether pulmonary fibrosis can be viewed as a disease of impaired matrix degradation rather than a disease of increased matrix production.

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Do collagenases unwind triple‐helical collagen before peptide bond hydrolysis? Reinterpreting experimental observations with mathematical models

Cited by 40 publications

References 20 publications

Structural insights into triple-helical collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 1

Structural insights into triple-helical collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 1

Identification and structural analysis of type I collagen sites in complex with fibronectin fragments

Always cleave up your mess: targeting collagen degradation to treat tissue fibrosis

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