“…A related stream of literature studies the effects of regulatory quality in the banking sector and debt markets. For instance, Benbouzid, Mallick, and Sousa (), use bank data from thirty countries over the period 2004 to 2011 to show that a better quality of economic and legal institutions can help reduce banks’ CDS spreads, as banks operating in countries where the regulatory quality is stronger tend to be less affected by spikes in financial stress of 2008 to 2009. Additionally, Benbouzid, Mallick, and Sousa () focus on financial structure indicators (namely, financial stability, depth, access, and efficiency) and country risks (i.e., economic, financial, and political rating risks) to explain why some banks experience higher levels of credit risk relative to others across countries.…”