“…Groundwater level decline of the High Plains Aquifer (HPA) underlying western Kansas has been extensively analyzed with most efforts focused on irrigation related to one of four domains: (1) physical (e.g., climatic and atmospheric factors and underlying geology; Edwards, 2016; MardanDoost et al., 2019; Whittemore et al., 2016), (2) agricultural (e.g., crop type, irrigation limits and management, cover crops, and irrigation efficiency; Butler et al., 2016; Kisekka et al., 2017; Pfeiffer & Lin, 2014), (3) socioeconomic (e.g., environmental policies, energy costs, irrigation efficiency, global markets, and crop prices; Hrozencik et al., 2017; Sanderson et al., 2017; Sukcharoen et al., 2020), or (4) an integrated approach among the first three categories (e.g., Haacker et al., 2019; Majumdar et al., 2020; Smidt et al., 2016). While these studies provide a comprehensive overview of the complexity of factors that drive irrigation use, little is known about the relationship between these factors across both space and time relative to irrigation pumping.…”