Do Energy Density and Dietary Fiber Influence Subsequent 5‐Year Weight Changes in Adult Men and Women?

Iqbal, Sofia; Helge, Jørn Wulff; Heitmann, Berit Lilienthal

doi:10.1038/oby.2006.13

Cited by 72 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Besides total energy intake, dietary energy density (kcal/g) defined as the amount of energy in a given weight of food has received considerable attention in recent years as one of the main determinants of alarming obesity trends (WHO/FAO, 2003). Although some studies have failed to find any significant association between consumption of energy-dense diets and obesity (De Castro, 2004;Iqbal et al, 2006;Du et al, 2009), others have reported a significant positive association (Howarth et al, 2006;Ledikwe et al, 2006aLedikwe et al, , 2007Mendoza et al, 2007;Bes-Rastrollo et al, 2008;Savage et al, 2008). Such significant findings have also been confirmed by clinical trials, where reduction in dietary energy density has been resulted in significant weight loss (Ello-Martin et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women

Esmaillzadeh

Azadbakht

2011

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: In a comparison of women worldwide, Iranian women were found to have the highest prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, specific characteristics of diet in Middle-Eastern countries might provide additional information on the diet-disease relations. This study was performed to assess the association between dietary energy density and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women. Subjects/Methods: Usual dietary intakes were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 486 Iranian adult women by the use of a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary energy density was calculated as each individual's reported daily energy intake (kcal/d) into total weight of foods (excluding beverages) consumed (g/d). Anthropometric measures, fasting plasma glucose, serum lipid profiles and blood pressure were evaluated. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Results: Mean dietary energy density was 1.77±0.35 kcal/g. Individuals in the top tertile of dietary energy density had 80% (odds ratio: 1.80; 95% confidence interval: 1.17, 3.15) greater odds of having the metabolic syndrome. Even after further adjustment for body mass index, this association remained significant. Higher dietary energy density was also significantly associated with greater odds of having abdominal adiposity (4.23; 2.51, 7.18), high-serum triacylglycerol concentrations (3.55; 2.31, 5.93) and low-serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (1.80; 1.13, 2.84). No overall significant associations were found between higher dietary energy density and risk of having elevated blood pressure or abnormal glucose homeostasis. Conclusions: Higher dietary energy density was significantly associated with a greater risk of the metabolic syndrome and most of its components. Further studies are required to focus on lowering dietary energy density as a probable strategy for preventing metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women

Esmaillzadeh

Azadbakht

2011

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…To date, there has been only one longitudinal analysis of the relationship between energy density and subsequent weight gain in a free-living population, which found no evidence to support an effect in the general adult population. 19 However, any effect of DED on weight gain may have been diluted because DED was calculated including drinks and the analysis did not consider the impact of misreporting of EI. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DED, dietary energy density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 In addition, the only longitudinal analysis of DED and subsequent weight change over 5 years in adults showed no evidence of an association in the general population. 19 To date, there has been no prospective analysis of the effect of energy-dense diets on subsequent fatness or weight status in a population of free-living children. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that high DED at age 5 and 7 years is associated with increased fat mass or excess adiposity among 9-year-old children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective analysis of dietary energy density at age 5 and 7 years and fatness at 9 years among UK children

et al. 2007

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Objective: To analyse whether high dietary energy density (DED) is associated with increased fat mass and risk of excess adiposity in free-living children. Design: Longitudinal, observational cohort study. Subjects: Six hundred and eighty-two healthy children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Measurements: Diet was assessed at age 5 and 7 years using 3-day diet diaries, and DED (kJ g À1 ) was calculated excluding drinks. Fat mass was estimated at age 9 years using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. To adjust for body size, fat mass index (FMI) was calculated by dividing fat mass (kg) by height (m 5.8 ). Excess adiposity was defined as the top quintile of logFMI. Results: Mean DED at age 5 years was higher among children with excess adiposity at age 9 years compared to the remaining sample (8.870.16 vs 8.570.07 kJ g À1 ), but there was no evidence of an association with excess adiposity at age 9 years (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90-1.44) after controlling for potential confounders. Mean DED at age 7 years was higher among children with excess adiposity compared to the remaining sample (9.170.12 vs 8.870.06 kJ g À1 ) and a 1 kJ g À1 rise in DED increased the odds of excess adiposity at 9 years by 36% (OR ¼ 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.69) after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusion: Higher DED at age 7 years, but not age 5 years, is a risk factor for excess adiposity at age 9 years, perhaps reflecting deterioration in the ability to compensate for extra calories in an energy-dense diet. DED tracks strongly from age 5 to 7 years suggesting intervention to alter dietary habits need to commence at younger ages to prevent the formation of preferences for energy dense foods.

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“…Results from crosssectional studies of energy density of the diet and adiposity have been inconsistent (Drewnowski et al, 2004) and prospective observational data are sparse. The association between energy density and weight change was examined in a cohort of middle-aged Danish men and women (Iqbal et al, 2006). In the overall cohort, energy density at baseline was not substantially associated with 5-year weight gain.…”

Section: S77mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate intake and obesity

2007

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The prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly worldwide and the importance of considering the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of obesity is widely acknowledged. This paper reviews data on the effects of dietary carbohydrates on body fatness. Does the composition of the diet as related to carbohydrates affect the likelihood of passive over-consumption and longterm weight change? In addition, methodological limitations of both observational and experimental studies of dietary composition and body weight are discussed. Carbohydrates are among the macronutrients that provide energy and can thus contribute to excess energy intake and subsequent weight gain. There is no clear evidence that altering the proportion of total carbohydrate in the diet is an important determinant of energy intake. However, there is evidence that sugar-sweetened beverages do not induce satiety to the same extent as solid forms of carbohydrate, and that increases in sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption are associated with weight gain. Findings from studies on the effect of the dietary glycemic index on body weight have not been consistent. Dietary fiber is associated with a lesser degree of weight gain in observational studies. Although it is difficult to establish with certainty that fiber rather than other dietary attributes are responsible, whole-grain cereals, vegetables, legumes and fruits seem to be the most appropriate sources of dietary carbohydrate. Keywords: obesity; diet; carbohydrate; fiber; sugar; glycemic index European Journal of Clinical Nutrition General introductionBackground The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased rapidly worldwide during recent decades, acquiring epidemic proportions in children and adults and in industrialized as well as transitional and developing countries (Popkin and Gordon-Larsen, 2004;Ogden et al., 2006). Excess adiposity increases risk of type 2 diabetes, arthritis, sleep apnea, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, various types of cancer and premature death (Willett et al., 1999). Therefore, the importance of prevention and treatment of obesity is widely acknowledged. Changes in energy storage as body fat are affected by the balance of energy intake and energy expenditure, making diet and physical activity obvious targets for interventions. Effects of dietary composition on both energy intake and energy expenditure (dietary induced thermogenesis and resting energy metabolism) are plausible, based on results from animal experiments and metabolic studies in humans (Poppitt and Prentice, 1996;Ludwig, 2002; Bray et al., 2004a, b;Halton and Hu, 2004;Slavin, 2005). Although substantial short-term weight loss can be achieved by many people, successful long-term maintenance of weight loss is much more difficult and compensatory physiological processes appear to stimulate weight regain (Hirsch et al., 1998). Effects on body weight found in shortterm metabolic studies can therefore not be readily extrapolated to long-term effects. This overview will present evi...

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Do Energy Density and Dietary Fiber Influence Subsequent 5‐Year Weight Changes in Adult Men and Women?

Cited by 72 publications

References 20 publications

Dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women

Dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women

A prospective analysis of dietary energy density at age 5 and 7 years and fatness at 9 years among UK children

Carbohydrate intake and obesity

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