Do excessive exercisers have a higher rate of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology?

Gulker, M. G.; Laskis, T. A.; Kuba, Sue A.

doi:10.1080/13548500126535

Cited by 53 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…There was also agreement that individuals who develop an exercise addiction may have a predisposition toward obsessive behavior. Compulsivity has been well documented in relation to excessive exercise (e.g., Davis et al., 1995; Gulker et al., 2001) and indeed, these comments are not dissimilar to the compulsivity described by Taranis et al. (2011) as one of the maintaining factors of excessive exercise in eating disordered populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both perfectionism (in its maladaptive form) and obsessive–compulsive tendencies have been frequently associated with excessive exercise behavior, including when the exercise is viewed as a primary phenomenon or when it is associated with disordered eating, for example, in hyperactive forms of anorexia nervosa (Davis & Kaptein, 2006; Davis et al., 1995; Goodwin, Haycraft, Willis, & Meyer, 2011; Gulker, Laskis, & Kuba, 2001; Hagan & Hausenblas, 2003; Shroff et al., 2006; Symons Downs, Hausenblas, & Nigg, 2004). Moreover, perfectionism and obsessive–compulsiveness are commonly implicated in other psychopathologies such as anxiety and depression (Egan, Wade, & Shafran, 2011; LaSalle et al., 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study

Macfarlane

Owens

Pozo-Cruz

2016

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

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ObjectivesThere remains limited consensus regarding the definition and conceptual basis of exercise addiction. An understanding of the factors motivating maintenance of addictive exercise behavior is important for appropriately targeting intervention. The aims of this study were twofold: first, to establish consensus on features of an exercise addiction using Delphi methodology and second, to identify whether these features are congruous with a conceptual model of exercise addiction adapted from the Work Craving Model.MethodsA three-round Delphi process explored the views of participants regarding the features of an exercise addiction. The participants were selected from sport and exercise relevant domains, including physicians, physiotherapists, coaches, trainers, and athletes. Suggestions meeting consensus were considered with regard to the proposed conceptual model.Results and discussionSixty-three items reached consensus. There was concordance of opinion that exercising excessively is an addiction, and therefore it was appropriate to consider the suggestions in light of the addiction-based conceptual model. Statements reaching consensus were consistent with all three components of the model: learned (negative perfectionism), behavioral (obsessive–compulsive drive), and hedonic (self-worth compensation and reduction of negative affect and withdrawal).ConclusionsDelphi methodology allowed consensus to be reached regarding the features of an exercise addiction, and these features were consistent with our hypothesized conceptual model of exercise addiction. This study is the first to have applied Delphi methodology to the exercise addiction field, and therefore introduces a novel approach to exercise addiction research that can be used as a template to stimulate future examination using this technique.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study

Macfarlane

Owens

Pozo-Cruz

2016

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

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“…However, Spano found that persons who had high scores on a test for excessive exercise also had high scores on an OCD test 71. Gulker et al found that excessive exercisers rated higher on obsessive–compulsive symptomatology than nonexercisers did 72. Future studies on the subject are needed to investigate whether compulsive exercise in some cases appears as a comorbid condition to OCD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compulsive exercise: links, risks and challenges faced

Lichtenstein¹,

Hinze²,

Emborg³

et al. 2017

PRBM

222

114

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Compulsive exercise is a condition described since 1970s. It is characterized by a craving for physical training, resulting in uncontrollable excessive exercise behavior with harmful consequences, such as injuries and impaired social relations. It has not been accepted as a mental disorder in either International Classification of Diseases or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The aim of this literature review was to critically examine the research on links (comorbidity), risks (negative consequences), and challenges faced (problems in a treatment context). This review found that compulsive exercise is associated with eating disorder pathology, perfectionism, neuroticism, narcissism, and obsessive compulsive traits. The most prominent negative consequences were injuries, social impairment, and depression, but more research is needed to uncover the potential dysfunction resulting from compulsive exercise. As the condition is not recognized as a psychiatric disorder, studies on treatment interventions are sparse. Problems with compliance have been reported; therefore, motivational interviewing has been proposed as a treatment approach, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy. This review summarizes and discusses findings on links/comorbidity, risks/negative consequences, and treatment challenges. We suggest that future studies should pay attention to both prevention and counseling in sports settings, where compulsive exercise appears, as the condition may be associated with harmful consequences.

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“…Compulsive exercise typically describes a routine‐like pattern of exercise, often performed despite possible negative consequences, with compulsive exercisers reporting intense feelings of guilt at any missed exercise sessions (Meyer et al, ). It has been likened to a pathological behavioural addiction (Griffiths, ), although it has also been associated with obsessive–compulsiveness (Gulker, Laskis, & Kuba, ; Yates, ). The motivation to exercise for compulsive exercisers is commonly related to eating, weight and shape concerns (Lipsey, Barton, Hulley, & Hill, ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Penas‐Lledo, Vaz Leal, and Waller () found an association between compulsive exercise and anxiety and depression. Further, Gulker and colleagues () demonstrated that compulsive exercisers report greater levels of obsessive–compulsiveness than their noncompulsive exercising counterparts. Among adolescents, a more recent investigation reported that perfectionism and obsessive–compulsiveness predicted compulsive exercise cognitions cross‐sectionally (Goodwin, Haycraft, Willis, & Meyer, ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociocultural Risk Factors for Compulsive Exercise: A Prospective Study of Adolescents

Goodwin

Haycraft

Meyer

2014

Euro Eating Disorders Rev

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Sociocultural risk factors for compulsive exercise:A prospective study of adolescents AbstractThe risk factors for compulsive exercise are unknown. This study aims to explore longitudinal sociocultural risk factors for compulsive exercise, using a 12 month prospective design. A sample of 332 male and female adolescents (aged 13-15 years at baseline) completed self-report measures of sociocultural risk factors and compulsive exercise at baseline and eating disorder psychopathology and compulsive exercise at 12-month follow-up assessment. Hierarchical regressions found that family and peer messages to become more muscular predicted compulsive exercise in boys, whilst feeling pressure from the media to be thin was a significant predictor of compulsive exercise in girls. These relationships remained significant when controlling for eating disorder psychopathology, but became nonsignificant when initial levels of compulsive exercise were entered into the model.The findings suggest that sociocultural risk factors may contribute to the development of compulsive exercise but future research should utilise a younger sample and employ a longer follow-up period to identify true longitudinal effects.

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Do excessive exercisers have a higher rate of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology?

Cited by 53 publications

References 36 publications

Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study

Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study

Compulsive exercise: links, risks and challenges faced

Sociocultural Risk Factors for Compulsive Exercise: A Prospective Study of Adolescents

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