Do external female genital measurements affect genital perception and sexual function and orgasm?

Kaya, Aşkı Ellibeş; Doğan, Ozan; Yassa, Murat; Başbuğ, Alper; Özcan, Canan; Çalışkan, Eray

doi:10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.89896

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In our study, we found that one‐fifth of the participating women were dissatisfied and ashamed of their genitalia and 21.3% of our female population would consider undergoing cosmetic genital surgery. Another prospective cohort study from Turkey showed that although genital measurements and genital perceptions varied among participants, a relation was not found between genital measurements and sexual functions, suggesting that a more cautious approach should be taken towards genital surgeries for cosmetic purposes 17 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The perceptions of female genital self‐image and its associations with female sexual distress

Benabe

Fuentes

Roldán

et al. 2021

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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Objective To evaluate the perception of women living in Puerto Rico regarding their genitalia and explore the associations of those perceptions with female sexual distress. Methods Women from Puerto Rico willing to complete a self‐administered online survey from June 2018 through July 2020 were included in this cross‐sectional study. Inclusion criteria included being between 21 and 65 years of age, living in Puerto Rico, having identified as heterosexual, bisexual, or lesbian, and having been sexually active. Descriptive statistics were calculated. The Mann–Whitney test, Pearson's correlation, and robust linear regression were used to associate female genital self‐image and sexual distress. Results The most common negative thought and perception within women was dissatisfaction with the size of their genitalia (21.9%), and 21.3% of women contemplated undergoing cosmetic surgery, mainly to increase and improve sensation. For each 1‐unit increase in the Female Genital Self‐Image Scale score, the Female Sexual Distress Scale‐Revised score decreased by 1.24 units (95% confidence interval –1.67 to –0.82). Conclusion A better genital self‐image perception might lower levels of sexual distress. Screening instruments could help to identify poor genital perception and sexual distress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The perceptions of female genital self‐image and its associations with female sexual distress

Benabe

Fuentes

Roldán

et al. 2021

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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“…Women undergoing FGCS are within the normal variability of function and anatomy, however, they have the right to choose according to their desires, although the burden of such interventions relies on health professionals [14]. There is lack of knowledge about what constitutes normal regarding sexual function and anatomy, so preoperative counseling about genital diversity and correction of genital perception may prevent unnecessary procedures [9,11,14]. Cosmetic gynaecology procedures should be tailored by health professionals to achieve and design the most appropriate strategy [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biological (such as neurogenic, anatomical, hormonal, vascular) and psychosocial factors (such as disturbed body image perception, depression, anxiety, and some other medical conditions that may decrease sexual confidence) play a decisive role [8]. Approximately 41% of females of reproductive age present with sexual dysfunction [9,10,11]. Although the diversity in genital anatomy is wide, recently the population of women seeking FGCS procedures, notably vaginal rejuvenation, has increased tremendously [1,2].…”

Section: Current Opinion In Gynecology and Obstetricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Office Procedures in Cosmetic Gynaecology

Anagnostou

Gkrozou

Ioannidi

et al. 2021

COGO

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Female genital cosmetic surgery is a set of multiple procedures focused on improving genital appearance, structure, and function. Sexual dysfunction affects a large proportion of the female population and appears to be associated with distorted genital anatomy although what women perceive as normal varies vastly depending on cultural and social beliefs. Cosmetic gynaecology office procedures are simple, quick, and effective solutions to improve sexual function as well as body image with minimal interventions and minimal side-effects. In this narrative review, we present these widely used minimally invasive aesthetic gynaecology interventions, focusing on their efficacy, and reported complications. Recommendations regarding heath professionals’ approach and ethical issues arising are also discussed.

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“…Although there are substantially less data than for the high-androgen population, the average length of the clitorophallus in a low-androgen population has been reported as ranging from 3 to 1.2 cm. [41][42][43]…”

Section: The Clitorophallus At the Time Of Pub Ert Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of androgens in clitorophallus development and possible applications to transgender patients

et al. 2021

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Background:The clitorophallus, or glans, is a critical structure in sexual development and plays an important role in how gender is conceptualized across the life span. This can be seen in both the evaluation and treatment of intersex individuals and the use of gender-affirming masculinizing therapies to help those born with a clitoris (small clitorophallus with separate urethra) enlarge or alter the function of that structure.Objectives: To review the role of testosterone in clitorophallus development from embryo to adulthood, including how exogenous testosterone is used to stimulate clitorophallus enlargement in masculinizing gender-affirming therapy. Materials and Methods:Relevant English-language literature was identified and evaluated for data regarding clitorophallus development in endosex and intersex individuals and the utilization of hormonal and surgical masculinizing therapies on the clitorophallus. Studies included evaluated the spectrum of terms regarding the clitorophallus (genital tubercle, clitoris, micropenis, penis).Results: Endogenous testosterone, and its more active metabolite dihydrotestosterone, plays an important role in the development of the genital tubercle into the clitorophallus, primarily during the prenatal and early postnatal periods and then again during puberty. Androgens contribute to not only growth but also the inclusion of a urethra on the ventral aspect. Exogenous testosterone can be used to enlarge the small clitorophallus (clitoris or micropenis) as part of both intersex and genderaffirming care (in transmasculine patients, up to 2 cm of additional growth). Where testosterone is insufficient to provide the degree of masculinization desired, surgical options including phalloplasty and metoidioplasty are available. Discussion and Conclusion:Endogenous testosterone plays an important role in clitorophallus development, and there are circumstances where exogenous testosterone may be useful for masculinization. Surgical options may also help some patients reach their personal goals. As masculinizing gender-affirming care advances, the options available for clitorophallus modifications will likely continue to expand and improve.

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Do external female genital measurements affect genital perception and sexual function and orgasm?

Cited by 17 publications

References 26 publications

The perceptions of female genital self‐image and its associations with female sexual distress

The perceptions of female genital self‐image and its associations with female sexual distress

Office Procedures in Cosmetic Gynaecology

The role of androgens in clitorophallus development and possible applications to transgender patients

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