“…According to the existing literatures, the factors impacting LIE are mostly focused on the following aspects: From the standpoint of information quality, high-quality financial reports ( Jung et al, 2019b ), environmental information disclosure ( Jiang et al, 2020 ), and informative stock prices ( Ben-Nasr and Alshwer, 2016 ) can all help to increase LIE; From the standpoint of internal governance, CEO characteristics ( Khedmati et al, 2020 ), corporate strategy ( Habib and Hasan, 2021 ) and corporate governance ( Oh and Park, 2022 ) all have an influence on LIE; As for external monitoring, investors’ attention ( Ghaly et al, 2020 ) and stock analysts’ follow-up attention ( Chen et al, 2018 ) are significantly and positively correlated with LIE; In terms of the environment in which they are located, the promotion of politicians in the location of the firm ( Kong et al, 2020 ) and the uncertainty of the environment ( Jun and Sun, 2020 ) can reduce the LIE, while digital economy ( Zhai et al, 2022 ), environmental regulation ( Chen et al, 2022 ) and external labor market incentives ( Chowdhury et al, 2022 ) can improve it. Furthermore, labor protection ( Koeniger and Leonardi, 2007 ) has an influence on the corporate LIE through changing their labor costs.…”