“…There is a sizable literature on the earnings of men and women in academe, including studies by Bayer (1973), Bayer and Astin (1975) Tuckman and Tuckman (1976), Barbezat (1987aBarbezat ( , 1987bBarbezat ( , 1989Barbezat ( , 1991, Smart (1991), Ransom and Megdal (1993), Bellas (1993), Ashraf (1996), Barbezat and Donihue (1998), Toutkoushian (1998Toutkoushian ( , 1999, and Perna (2001Perna ( , 2002. Studies have been conducted both at individual institutions using data from personnel files, and from national datasets obtained by surveys of faculty.…”