“…The theoretical and empirical literature emphasises two positive channels and two negative channels through which house prices influence business formation. Recent studies in countries with well-developed financial systems have shown that a housing boom positively influences small business start-ups, entrepreneurship and self-employment through the housing collateral enhancement and the housing wealth effects channels (Adelino et al, 2015; Balasubramanyan and Coulson, 2013; Corradin and Popov, 2015; Fairlie and Krashinsky, 2012; Harding and Rosenthal, 2017; and Kerr et al, 2014, for the US; Black et al, 1996; and Robson, 1996, for the UK; Connolly et al, 2015, for Australia; Schmalz et al, 2017, for France). Under the housing collateral channel, ‘rising housing prices increase the housing equity of residential property owners.…”