Do Infants Fed From Bottles Lack Self-regulation of Milk Intake Compared With Directly Breastfed Infants?

Li, Ruowei; Fein, Sara B.; Grummer‐Strawn, Laurence M.

doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2549

Cited by 282 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…39 This concept is further supported by the observations that infants who are fed by bottle, formula, or expressed breast milk will have increased bottle emptying, poorer selfregulation, and excessive weight gain in late infancy (older than 6 months) compared with infants who only nurse from the breast. 40,41 Diabetes Up to a 30% reduction in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is reported for infants who exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months, thus avoiding exposure to cow milk protein. 13,42 It has been postulated that the putative mechanism in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the infant' s exposure to cow milk β-lactoglobulin, which stimulates an immune-mediated process crossreacting with pancreatic β cells.…”

Section: Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Eidelman¹,

Schanler²,

Johnston³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

3,892

1,367

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Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Given the documented short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Hospital routines to encourage and support the initiation and sustaining of exclusive breastfeeding should be based on the American Academy of Pediatrics-endorsed WHO/UNICEF “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding.” National strategies supported by the US Surgeon General’s Call to Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Joint Commission are involved to facilitate breastfeeding practices in US hospitals and communities. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad. The “Business Case for Breastfeeding” details how mothers can maintain lactation in the workplace and the benefits to employers who facilitate this practice.

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Section: Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Eidelman¹,

Schanler²,

Johnston³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

3,892

1,367

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Behavioural explanations focus on the ability of breastfed babies to recognise satiety (Dietz. 2001) and to selfregulate on the basis of greater satiety responsiveness (Ong et al, 2006;Li et al 2010). These behavioural explanations are partly related to the control of the feed resting with the infant rather than the mother.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking for cues – infant communication of hunger and satiation during milk feeding

et al. 2017

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Article:Shloim, N orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-5434, Vereijkan, CMJL, Blundell, P et al. It is known that duration of breastfeeding and responsive feeding are associated with decreased risk of obesity. It is however, not clear whether breastfed infants signal more to mothers to facilitate responsive feeding, compared to formula fed, nor what communication cues are important during the feeding interaction. The present study aimed to explore feeding cues in milk-fed infants and to examine if such cues vary by mode of feeding. Twenty-seven mothers and infants were filmed while breastfeeding or formula feeding. Infants' age ranged from 3-22 weeks. Feeding cues were identified using a validated list of communication cues (NCAST). The frequency of each cue during the beginning, middle, and end of the meal was recorded. There were 22 feeding cues identified during the feeds, with significantly more frequent disengagement cues expressed than engagement cues. Significantly more frequent feeding cues were observed at the beginning than at the end of the meal showing that cue frequency changes with satiation. Breastfeeding infants exhibited more engagement and disengagement cues than formula fed infants. Supporting mothers to identify engagement and disengagement cues during a milk feed may promote more responsive feeding-strategies that can be acquired by mothers using different modes of feeding. Introduction:

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“…For example, formula rather than breast-feeding, rapid weight gain in infancy and the technique of feeding (e.g. breast v. bottle feeding) are all associated with a higher set point for appetite and recognition of satiety in early childhood which, when exposed to a nutrient dense diet, is likely to predispose to obesity (40,41) . However, the lack of experimental data means that a causal association between infant growth/ nutrition and long-term appetite regulation in man has not been established and whether these programming effects persist longer-term, into adult life, where they may have a greater impact on the risk of CVD is unknown.…”

Section: Appetite Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease

Singhal

2016

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Non-communicable diseases (NCD) and atherosclerotic CVD in particular, are the most important health problems of the 21st century. Already in every world region except Africa, NCD account for greater mortality than communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions combined. Although modifiable lifestyle factors in adults are the main determinants, substantial evidence now suggests that factors in early life also have a major role in the development of NCD; commonly referred to as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Factors in utero, early postnatal life and throughout childhood, have been shown to affect NCD by influencing risk factors for CVD such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Infant nutrition (e.g. breastfeeding rather than bottle feeding) and a slower pattern of infant weight gain have been shown to be particularly protective against later risk of obesity and CVD in both low-and high-income countries. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood, but include epigenetic changes; effects on endocrine systems regulating body weight, food intake and fat deposition; and changes in appetite regulation. As a consequence, strategies to optimise early life nutrition could make a major contribution to stemming the current global epidemic of NCD. This review will consider the role of early life factors in the development of NCD, focusing on the impact of infant nutrition/growth on obesity and CVD. The review will highlight the experimental (randomised) evidence where available, briefly summarise the underlying mechanisms involved and consider the implications for public health.

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Do Infants Fed From Bottles Lack Self-regulation of Milk Intake Compared With Directly Breastfed Infants?

Cited by 282 publications

References 40 publications

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Looking for cues – infant communication of hunger and satiation during milk feeding

The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease

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