Do infants have the horizontal bias?

Renswoude, Daan R. van; Johnson, Scott P.; Raijmakers, Maartje E. J.; Visser, Ingmar

doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.05.005

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Regarding the saccade orientations, we observe a strong horizontal bias in the adult group which is also consistent with previous studies [42], [43]. This horizontal bias can be explained by several factors, such as biomechanical factors, physiological factors and the layout of our natural environment [44]. Regarding biomechanical factors, Van Renswoude et al [44] stress the point that horizontal saccades require only the use of one pair of muscles whereas saccades in the other directions requires more than one pair of muscles [45].…”

Section: B Joint Distribution Of Saccade Orientations and Amplitudessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This horizontal bias can be explained by several factors, such as biomechanical factors, physiological factors and the layout of our natural environment [44]. Regarding biomechanical factors, Van Renswoude et al [44] stress the point that horizontal saccades require only the use of one pair of muscles whereas saccades in the other directions requires more than one pair of muscles [45]. This horizontal bias is less obvious for young children, even though it may exist [44].…”

Section: B Joint Distribution Of Saccade Orientations and Amplitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual Attention Saccadic Models Learn to Emulate Gaze Patterns From Childhood to Adulthood

Meur

Coutrot

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. on Image Process.

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How people look at visual information reveals fundamental information about themselves, their interests and their state of mind. While previous visual attention models output static 2D saliency maps, saccadic models aim to predict not only where observers look at but also how they move their eyes to explore the scene. In this paper, we demonstrate that saccadic models are a flexible framework that can be tailored to emulate observer's viewing tendencies. More specifically, we use fixation data from 101 observers split into five age groups (adults, 8-10 y.o., 6-8 y.o., 4-6 y.o., and 2 y.o.) to train our saccadic model for different stages of the development of human visual system. We show that the joint distribution of saccade amplitude and orientation is a visual signature specific to each age group, and can be used to generate age-dependent scan paths. Our age-dependent saccadic model does not only output human-like, age-specific visual scan paths, but also significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art saliency models. We demonstrate that the computational modeling of visual attention, through the use of saccadic model, can be efficiently adapted to emulate the gaze behavior of a specific group of observers.

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Section: B Joint Distribution Of Saccade Orientations and Amplitudessupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: B Joint Distribution Of Saccade Orientations and Amplitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Attention Saccadic Models Learn to Emulate Gaze Patterns From Childhood to Adulthood

Meur

Coutrot

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. on Image Process.

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“…To further increase the reliability of the data, fixations had a minimum duration of 100 ms and a maximum variance of 0.6° of visual angle. Only the fixation data are reported in this paper, and the saccade data from the FV task were published in van Renswoude et al ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are important in modeling adult eye movements (Foulsham & Kingstone, ), and they predict fixation locations above chance level (Tatler & Vincent, ). Recently, it was shown that infants also demonstrate the horizontal bias (van Renswoude, Johnson, Raijmakers, & Visser, ) and the central bias (van Renswoude et al, ). This indicates that infants, similar to adults, are more likely to fixate central locations and locations along the horizon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐world scene perception in infants: What factors guide attention allocation?

Renswoude

Visser

Raijmakers

et al. 2019

Infancy

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The foci of visual attention were modeled as a function of perceptual salience, adult fixation locations, and attentional control mechanisms (measured in separate tasks) in infants (N = 45, 3‐ to 15‐month‐olds) as they viewed static real‐world scenes. After controlling for the center bias, the results showed that low‐level perceptual salience predicts where infants look. In addition, high‐level factors also played a role: Infants fixated parts of the scenes frequently fixated by adults and this effect was stronger for older than younger infants. In line with this finding, infant fixation durations were longer on regions more frequently fixated by adults, implying longer time taken to process the available information. Fixation durations decreased with age, and this decline interacted with orienting skills such that fixation durations decreased faster with age for infants with high orienting skills, relative to infants with low orienting skills. There was a further interaction between fixation durations and selective attention abilities: Infants with low selective attention skills showed a decrease in fixation durations with age, whereas infants with higher selective attention skills showed a slight increase in fixation durations with age. These findings imply that infants' visual processing of static real‐world stimuli develops in accord with attentional control.

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“…Saccade frequency, amplitude, and mean velocity are reduced and the velocity/amplitude distribution as well as the velocity profile become less skewed [9], [8]. An horizontal bias is also observed whatever the age, but is more pronounced when getting older [10]. Finally, the fixation durations decrease with age [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Your gaze betrays your age

Meur

Coutrot

Liu

et al. 2017

2017 25th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)

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Abstract-Visual attention networks are so pervasive in the human brain that eye movements carry a wealth of information that can be exploited for many purposes. In this paper, we present evidence that information derived from observers' gaze can be used to infer their age. This is the first study showing that simple features extracted from the ordered sequence of fixations and saccades allow us to predict the age of an observer. Eye movements of 101 participants split into 4 age groups (adults, 6-10 year-old, 4-6 year-old and 2 year-old) were recorded while exploring static images. The analysis of observers' gaze provides evidence of age-related differences in viewing patterns. Therefore, we extract from the scanpaths several features, including fixation durations and saccade amplitudes, and learn a direct mapping from those features to age using Gentle AdaBoost classifiers. Experimental results show that the proposed image-blind method succeeds in predicting the age of the observer up to 92% of the time. The use of predicted salience does not further improve the classification's accuracy.

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Do infants have the horizontal bias?

Cited by 31 publications

References 48 publications

Visual Attention Saccadic Models Learn to Emulate Gaze Patterns From Childhood to Adulthood

Visual Attention Saccadic Models Learn to Emulate Gaze Patterns From Childhood to Adulthood

Real‐world scene perception in infants: What factors guide attention allocation?

Your gaze betrays your age

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