Do Infants Use Their Own Images to Locate Objects Reflected in a Mirror?

Robinson, Julie Ann; Connell, S.; McKenzie, B. E.; Day, R. H.

doi:10.2307/1130764

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Various measures of self-recognition have been employed including self-directed behaviour (especially touching their nose in reaction to viewing a rouge spot on it), self-naming and turning to locate an object seen in the mirror (which presumes that self is used as a spatial referent for the object's location ). Bertenthal and Fischer (1978) found that the ability to locate objects occurs before the ability to name self or direct actions to self, but Robinson, Connell, McKenzie, and Day (1990) found that object location was independent of whether the infant's image was visible in the mirror, suggesting that spatial location measures are not tapping self-recognition. Johnson (1983) found that infants would display established measures of self-recognition (e.g.…”

Section: Incorporation Of Sex-of-self Into Gender Schemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Infants’ visual preference for sex‐congruent babies, children, toys and activities: A longitudinal study

Campbell

Shirley

Heywood

et al. 2000

British J of Dev Psycho

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Sex differences in social behaviour emerge as early as 2 years of age and gender schema theorists have suggested that preverbal infants possess ‘tacit’ knowledge of gender which informs their behaviour. This study examined sex‐congruent preferences using a visual preference paradigm in four domains (babies, children, toys, activities) in a longitudinal study of infants aged 3, 9 and 18 months. At 3 months, infants showed a marginally significant preference for same‐sex babies driven principally by males. Sex‐congruent toy preference was found among males at ages 9 and 18 months. Both sexes preferred masculine activity styles but this effect was significantly stronger among males than females. Gender schema theory requires gendered self‐concept as a precursor to sex‐congruent preference. Infants did not recognize themselves from photographs at any of the ages tested. By 18 months approximately two thirds of infants showed self‐recognition on the rouge test. However, at none of the ages and in none of the domains tested was self‐recognition related to sex‐congruent preference. Cross‐domain consistency of preference was not found. There was evidence of some stability of preference within domains between the ages of 9 and 18 months and this stability was very marked for activity preference.

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Section: Incorporation Of Sex-of-self Into Gender Schemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Infants’ visual preference for sex‐congruent babies, children, toys and activities: A longitudinal study

Campbell

Shirley

Heywood

et al. 2000

British J of Dev Psycho

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“…These tests would determine whether Kyaaro indeed differentiated reflected from nonreflected information. Two-year-old children cannot: Although they locate reflected objects without using knowledge of their self-image (Robinson, Connell, McKenzie, & Day, 1990), they cannot distinguish between seeing themselves in a mirror and seeing a twin behind a glass plate (Zazzo, 1975(Zazzo, , 1979. The twin task demonstrated that the children not only failed at self-recognition but also that they did not understand that the mirror reflected information on their side of the frame and that glass transmitted information from the other side (Loveland, 1987).…”

Section: Habituation Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror use by African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus).

Pepperberg¹,

Garcia²,

Jackson³

et al. 1995

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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Two Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) were tested on various types of mirror use: mirror image stimulation, mirror-mediated object discrimination, and a simple form of mirror-mediated spatial locating. During exposure to a mirror, neither bird clearly demonstrated self-exploratory behavior but responded instead in ways similar to those of marmosets, monkeys, dolphins, extremely young children(<18 months), and to the initial responses of orangutans and young chimpanzees. The parrots' behavior was not a consequence of an inability to process mirrored information, because in subsequent tasks they used mirrors to discriminate among exemplars and to locate hidden objects; these birds are the first nonmammalian subjects to exhibit all these behavior patterns. Their behavior on all the tasks can be compared to that of humans, great apes, dolphins, monkeys, and Asian elephants.

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“…An interesting question is whether a number of children in this age period fail to use their own image to determine an object's location, as suggested by Robinson et al (1990), or whether they use their own image as a landmark cue but fail to use it successfully. It may even be that they use their own image as a guiding cue only in the initial phases of mirror learning, but skip it once acquainted with the mirror as a reflective tool.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This sensitivity may make the spot on their face salient to them (Mitchell, 1994, p. 89;Vyt, 1995). The mark task, which is widely held to be the most valid index of visual self-recognition (Johnson, 1983;Anderson, 1984b;Robinson et al, 1990), could largely reflect this facet of the child's developing sensitivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It may be asked, for example, whether children need contingency cues from their own image to locate an object, by assessing their performance in conditions with and without their own self-reflection. One study indicated that spatial referencing via contingency testing using one's own image is not the basis for object localization (Robinson et al, 1990). Rather, locating reflected objects indicates the skill of infants, as well as of monkeys and apes, in using the mirror as a perceptual tool.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Processes of visual self‐recognition in infants: experimental induction of ‘mirror’ experience via video self‐image presentation

Vyt

2001

Infant and Child Development

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This study investigates infants' (ages 15-28 months) performance on two visual self-recognition measures: using a videoscreen as a mirror-like medium to locate objects not seen directly, and locating a mark on the face after seeing it in the mirror-like medium. Infants experienced one of two training conditions on the video-screen: they watched their parents and the parents' reflected images or they watched themselves. The study aims to find evidence for the view that object-locating and mark-directed behaviour in self-image presentation are in different ways experience-dependent. Contingency experience influenced the ability to locate objects, but did not influence mark-directed behaviour in a marked-face (rouge) condition. Also, children with a higher level of object-permanence understanding scored better on object-localization, while level of object-permanence understanding was unrelated to mark-directed behaviour in the rouge condition. The findings suggest that mark-and object-locating conditions follow a different developmental course. Search behaviour in this paradigm is also discussed with regard to experiential elements, perceptual cues and representational skills. The locating of mirrored objects may be a good paradigm for studying sensorimotor information processing, without being necessarily used as an indicator of self-awareness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key words: mirror training; object-permanence; self-awareness; self-recognition; spatial knowledge Visual self-recognition of one's mirror image, which may mark the beginning of conceptual self-awareness in children, has become a standard paradigm for assessing development of self-awareness in the preverbal period. In the mirrorand-rouge or mark technique, a spot of rouge is surreptitiously applied to the nose or the cheek of the infant, to elicit self-directed behaviour when looking at

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Do Infants Use Their Own Images to Locate Objects Reflected in a Mirror?

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Infants’ visual preference for sex‐congruent babies, children, toys and activities: A longitudinal study

Infants’ visual preference for sex‐congruent babies, children, toys and activities: A longitudinal study

Mirror use by African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus).

Processes of visual self‐recognition in infants: experimental induction of ‘mirror’ experience via video self‐image presentation

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