2009
DOI: 10.3386/w14951
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Do Investments in Universal Early Education Pay Off? Long-term Effects of Introducing Kindergartens into Public Schools

Abstract: In the 1960s and 1970s, many states introduced grants for school districts offering kindergarten programs. This paper exploits the staggered timing of these initiatives to estimate the long-term effects of a large public investment in universal early education. I find that white children aged five after the typical state reform were less likely to be high school dropouts and had lower institutionalization rates as adults. I rule out similar positive effects for blacks, despite comparable increases in their enr… Show more

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Cited by 82 publications
(117 citation statements)
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References 24 publications
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“…In the United States, Herbst andTekin (2012, 2016) estimate the short-and medium-run impact of the CCDF, a subsidy program restricted to the working poor, while a large number of studies examine the short-and medium-run impact of pre-kindergarten programs, only some of which are universal (e.g., Gormley and Gayer 2005;Fitzpatrick 2008;Barnett et al 2013;Cascio and Schanzenbach 2013;Weiland and Yoshikawa 2013). In addition, a noteworthy paper by Cascio (2009a), which estimates the long-run impact of kindergarten introduction in the United States, finds some positive effects for white adults but not for black adults.…”
Section: B Long-run Child Outcomesmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…In the United States, Herbst andTekin (2012, 2016) estimate the short-and medium-run impact of the CCDF, a subsidy program restricted to the working poor, while a large number of studies examine the short-and medium-run impact of pre-kindergarten programs, only some of which are universal (e.g., Gormley and Gayer 2005;Fitzpatrick 2008;Barnett et al 2013;Cascio and Schanzenbach 2013;Weiland and Yoshikawa 2013). In addition, a noteworthy paper by Cascio (2009a), which estimates the long-run impact of kindergarten introduction in the United States, finds some positive effects for white adults but not for black adults.…”
Section: B Long-run Child Outcomesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Regarding DD studies, Baker, Gruber, and Milligan (2008) and Lefebvre and Merrigan (2008) evaluate the introduction of universal child care in Quebec, Canada, while Havnes and Mogstad (2011a) examine Norway's universal program. United States-based DD studies include Cascio and Schanzenbach's (2013) analysis of universal pre-kindergarten programs in Oklahoma and Georgia, as well as Cascio's (2009b) paper on the introduction of kindergartens throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Regarding the latter design, Gelbach (2002) and Fitzpatrick (2012) use children's quarter-of-birth in the 1980 and 2000 Censuses, respectively, to instrument for kindergarten participation, while Fitzpatrick (2010) uses the discontinuity created by age-eligibility cut-offs to analyze the Georgia and Oklahoma pre-kindergarten programs.…”
Section: A Maternal Employmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Failure to be on grade-for-age has already been used as an indicator of grade repetition and, more generally, of low performance (see, e.g., Oreopoulos, Page, and Stevens, 2006;Dahl and Moretti, 2008;Cascio, 2009). In Germany, students have to repeat a grade if certain subject grades (especially in the main subjects math and German) are below a pre-defined cutoff.…”
Section: Being On Grade-for-age As Alternative Outcomementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Focusing on expenditure patterns may provide further clues in understanding the mechanisms behind the already-identified effects on parental outcomes. If there is differential treatment of boys and girls by their parents, then it should be reflected in the way households allocate their resources, which is of particular importance in the light of the growing evidence on the role of early interventions (Blau and Currie 2006;Cascio 2009;Almond and Currie 2011;Carneiro and Ginja 2014) and investment in children in the form of prenatal care, vaccinations or medical care (Aizer 2003;Figlio et al 2009;Levine and Schanzenbach 2009). Thus, differential levels of expenditure related to the child's human capital development or on items that may solidify gender stereotypes could have long-term consequences for children's outcomes in the future.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%