Do Local Tobacco-21 Laws Reduce Smoking Among 18 to 20 Year-Olds?

Friedman, Abigail S; Wu, Rachel J

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz123

Cited by 75 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Studies suggest that earlier state and local Tobacco 21 policies reduced smoking among individuals aged 18−20 years. 10,11 Thus, assuming necessary compliance and enforcement efforts, the federal Tobacco 21 law offers a promising means to reduce youth nicotine exposure.…”

Section: Regulatory Challenges and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Cigarettes: Matching Risks With Regulations

Friedman

Tam

2021

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Section: Regulatory Challenges and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Cigarettes: Matching Risks With Regulations

Friedman

Tam

2021

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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“…Previous empirical studies evaluating local T21 policies provided mixed evidence. While some studies have found that implementation of local T21 policies was associated with reductions in smoking prevalence among adolescents and young adults,19 20 another study on New York City T21 failed to find such an association 21. One potential reason for the mixed findings is increased cross-border cigarette purchasing, which could be an unintended consequence of local T21 policies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco 21 policies in California and Hawaii and sales of cigarette packs: a difference-in-differences analysis

et al. 2019

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ObjectiveTo measure the association of raising the minimum legal age of tobacco sales to 21 years (T21) statewide with monthly sales of cigarette packs in California and Hawaii, the first two states to implement T21 statewide.MethodsState monthly cigarette tax revenues from state departments of taxation were analysed for 11 states from January 2014 through December 2018 (n=660). Monthly cigarette packs sold were constructed using cigarette tax revenue and cigarette tax rate in each state. A difference-in-differences regression method was used to estimate the association of statewide T21 policies with monthly cigarette packs sold in California and Hawaii, separately, compared to the western states that did not implement such policies. Both models were controlled for year–month fixed effects, cigarette tax rates, smoke-free air laws, Medicaid coverage of smoking cessation, minimum legal sales ages for e-cigarettes and state marijuana laws, in addition to state demographic characteristics (sex, age, education, race/ethnicity and population size).FindingsImplementation of T21 statewide was associated with a reduction of 9.41 (95% CI=–15.52 to –3.30) million monthly packs sold in California and 0.57 (95% CI=–0.83 to –0.30) million monthly packs sold in Hawaii, compared to regional states. These translate to a reduction of 13.1%–18.2%, respectively, in monthly packs sold relative to mean values before the implementation of T21.ConclusionsRaising the minimum legal age for tobacco sales to 21 years could reduce cigarette sales as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy that complements and builds on proven approaches to achieve this goal.

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“…Concurrently, state-level cannabis policies in the United States have aimed to liberalize the accessibility of cannabis products, though there have been few state-level prevention campaigns. Using national surveillance data across states has been the standard approach to evaluate the effects of these policies on youth and young adult perceptions and behaviors [ 6 , 7 ]. These evaluations, which use cross-sectional data over time, may mask more nuanced trends in individual-level changes in harm perceptions and behavior and have largely failed to address spillover effects on other substance use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruiting and Retaining Youth and Young Adults in the Policy and Communication Evaluation (PACE) Vermont Study: Randomized Controlled Trial of Participant Compensation

Villanti¹,

Vallencourt²,

West³

et al. 2020

J Med Internet Res

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Background The standard approach for evaluating the effects of population-level substance use prevention efforts on youth and young adult perceptions and behaviors has been to compare outcomes across states using national surveillance data. Novel surveillance methods that follow individuals over shorter time intervals and capture awareness of substance use prevention policy and communication efforts may provide a stronger basis for their evaluation than annual cross-sectional studies. Objective This study aimed to identify a combination of strategies to recruit a sample of youth and young adults sufficiently representative of the Vermont population and determine how best to retain a web-based panel of youth and young adults over a 6-month period. Methods Eligible participants were Vermont residents aged 12 to 25 years who were willing to complete three 10 to 15-minute web-based surveys over a 6-month period. Recruitment was conducted via the following three main mechanisms: (1) web-based recruitment (paid and unpaid), (2) community-based recruitment through partners, and (3) participant referrals via a personalized link. Upon completion of the baseline survey, participants were randomly assigned to one of the following three retention incentive conditions: (1) guaranteed incentive (US $10), (2) lottery incentive (US $50 weekly lottery drawing), and (3) preferred method (guaranteed or lottery). Analyses examined cost per survey start by recruitment source, distribution of demographic characteristics across incentive conditions, and retention by study condition at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. Results Over a 10-week period in 2019, we recruited 480 eligible youth (aged 12-17 years) and 1037 eligible young adults (aged 18-25 years) to the Policy and Communication Evaluation (PACE) Vermont Study. Facebook and Instagram advertising produced the greatest number of survey starts (n=2013), followed by posts to a state-wide web-based neighborhood forum (n=822) and Google advertisements (n=749). Retention was 78.11% (1185/1517) at 3 months and 72.18% (1095/1517) at 6 months. Retention was equivalent across all incentive study conditions at both waves, despite a strong stated preference among study participants for the guaranteed payment at baseline. Youth had greater retention than young adults at both waves (wave 2: 395/480, 82.3% vs 790/1037, 76.18%; wave 3: 366/480, 76.3% vs 729/1037, 70.30%). Substance use prevalence in this cohort was similar to national and state-level surveillance estimates for young adults, but was lower than state-level surveillance estimates for youth. Most participants retained at wave 3 provided positive qualitative feedback on their experience. Conclusions Our study supports the feasibility of recruiting a web-based cohort of youth and young adults with representation across an entire state to evaluate substance use prevention efforts. Findings suggest that a guaranteed payment immediately upon survey completion coupled with a bonus for completing all survey waves and weekly survey reminders may facilitate retention in a cohort of youth and young adults.

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Do Local Tobacco-21 Laws Reduce Smoking Among 18 to 20 Year-Olds?

Cited by 75 publications

References 16 publications

E-Cigarettes: Matching Risks With Regulations

E-Cigarettes: Matching Risks With Regulations

Tobacco 21 policies in California and Hawaii and sales of cigarette packs: a difference-in-differences analysis

Recruiting and Retaining Youth and Young Adults in the Policy and Communication Evaluation (PACE) Vermont Study: Randomized Controlled Trial of Participant Compensation

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