Do Non-climacteric Fruits Share a Common Ripening Mechanism of Hormonal Regulation?

Abstract

Fleshy fruits have been traditionally categorized into climacteric (CL) and non-climacteric (NC) groups. CL fruits share a common ripening mechanism of hormonal regulation, i.e., the ethylene regulation, whereas whether NC fruits share a common mechanism remains controversial. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been commonly thought to be a key regulator in NC fruit ripening; however, besides ABA, many other hormones have been increasingly suggested to play crucial roles in NC fruit ripening. NC fruits vary greatly in their organ origin, constitution, and structure. Development of different organs may be different in the pattern of hormonal regulation. It has been well demonstrated that the growth and development of strawberry, the model of NC fruits, is largely controlled by a hormonal communication between the achenes and receptacle; however, not all NC fruits contain achenes. Accordingly, it is particularly important to understand whether strawberry is indeed able to represent a universal mechanism for the hormonal regulation of NC fruit ripening. In this mini-review, we summarized the recent research advance on the hormone regulation of NC ripening in relation to fruit organ origination, constitution, and structure, whereby analyzing and discussing whether NC fruits may share a common mechanism of hormonal regulation.

Low-cost electronic-nose (LC-e-nose) systems for the evaluation of plantation and fruit crops: recent advances and future trends

“…On the other hand, non-climacteric fruit needs to stay on the plant to reach full physiological maturity since, when harvested, the ripening process stops, and the fruit no longer gains flavor or sugar, having its highest eating quality at harvest. 65…”

“…On the other hand, non-climacteric fruit needs to stay on the plant to reach full physiological maturity since, when harvested, the ripening process stops, and the fruit no longer gains avor or sugar, having its highest eating quality at harvest. 65 Climacteric fruits such as peaches, plums, cantaloupe, bananas, pears, and tomatoes continue to gain avor and get sweeter by changing starch into sugar aer being harvested. Enose systems have been widely applied to detect odors in bananas, lemons, and lychee 66,67 as well as other fruits.…”

Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening

“…Hormones are well known to be the major determinant of fruit ripening, among which ethylene acts to control CL fruit ripening, whereas a synergistic action of ABA, IAA, JA, and BR act to control NC fruit ripening [ 38 , 39 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Emerging evidence suggests that FER acts to modulate the signal transduction of nearly all hormones.…”

“…According to the physiological features of fruit ripening, fleshy fruits can be categorized into two major groups, i.e., climacteric fruits (CL) that show dramatic increases in respiration and ethylene production during fruit ripening, and non-climacteric fruits (NC) that do not show a typical increase in respiration and ethylene production [ 38 , 39 ]. It has been suggested that NC fruit ripening is controlled by a synergistic action of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), brassinosteroid (BR) [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], and jasmonic acid (JA) [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. To date, our knowledge about the mechanisms for hormonal signal production and transduction in fruit ripening is still limited.…”

Abscisic acid plays a key role in the regulation of date palm fruit ripening

“…Hence, ethylene application efficiently induces fruit ripening in climacteric fruits (Kou et al, 2021;Peng et al, 2022). In non-climacteric fruit, ethylene may induce specific aspects of fruit ripening but not the entire coordinated process (Fan et al, 2022). In dates, there is an ongoing debate about the mechanism regulating fruit ripening.…”