Aquaculture, especially of non-native species and translocated domestic species, is a greatly encouraged way of relieving the conflicts between food and economic demand and resource depletion. We herein summarized the introduction history of non-native fish for aquacultural use in China, including 105 species introduced from abroad and 61 species translocated domestically across river basins, which has brought great economic benefits but high ecological risks. Of these, one-fourth have successfully established wild populations in natural waters and 15% have successfully invaded. We presented specific examples of seven aquaculture species/taxa and three aquarium species/taxa to explain their outcomes. The notable economic benefits, complex species composition and strain selection of tilapias, carps and sturgeons may together facilitate their invasion, and result in fish diversity decline, genetic pollution, and loss of ecosystem service. We specifically reviewed invasion cases in lakes and reservoirs and found that lakes in western China and reservoirs made by major This article is a Sena De Silva paper. The Sena De Silva paper is an honorific title dedicated to the memory of Professor Sena De Silva, who was the founding editor of Reviews in Aquaculture and a globally renowned aquaculture scholar, pioneer and advocate. The title is awarded to high quality articles that excel in one, or more, of the following qualities: i) Novelty and originality; ii) Likelihood of direct positive impacts for the aquaculture sector, with keen focus on any of, or all three: environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social responsibility iii) Overall quality of scientific reasonings coupled with realworld applicability.