Do pit vipers assess their venom? Defensive tactics of Deinagkistrodon acutus shift with changed venom reserve

Piao, Yige; Ge, Yao; Jiang, Hui; Huang, Song; Huang, Feng; Tang, Yezhong; Liu, Yang; Chen, Qin

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.003

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Our results show that activity levels in degus are reduced when increasing ambient temperature, particularly at 32°C. In the field, high environmental temperature causes the animals to avoid open areas and to seek shady places or retreat into their burrows to avoid thermal stress/ overheating (Lagos et al, 1995 ; Kenagy et al, 2004 ). Since these options are not available in lab conditions, our results show that the strategy adopted by degus to keep their Tb within the normal tolerance range when they are exposed to high temperatures was to reduce their daily activity and, therefore, reduce heat production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors have shown that degus shift their activity and body temperature rhythms from diurnal to nocturnal pattern in response to unrestricted wheel running access Edgar, 1998, 1999;Vivanco et al, 2009). Under natural environment, expression of a specific chronotype may be important in degus, serving as an adaptive process to predator-prey relationship cycle, seasonal changes, or food availability (Lagos et al, 1995;Kenagy et al, 2002;Vivanco et al, 2010a), for example. In the laboratory, it has been shown that degus not only select the dark phase with cooler ambient temperature to run in wheels (Vivanco et al, 2010c,d) but prefer to be active during the subjective night even when the ambient temperature did not change throughout the circadian day (Kas and Edgar, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral and Thermoregulatory Responses to Changes in Ambient Temperature and Wheel Running Availability in Octodon degus

Baño-Otálora

Rol

Madrid

2021

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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Octodon degus is primarily a diurnal species, however, in laboratory conditions, it can switch from diurnal to nocturnal in response to wheel running availability. It has been proposed that this activity inversion obeys thermoregulatory constraints induced by vigorous physical exercise. Thus, its activity shifts to the night as the ambient temperature is lower.Here, we investigate the relationship between thermoregulation and the activity phase-inversion in response to wheel-running in this species. We measured behavioral activity and body temperature rhythms in diurnal naïve animals under 12 h light: 12 h dark cycles at four different ambient temperatures (spanning from ~26°C to 32°C), and following access to running wheels while maintained under high ambient temperature.Our results show that naïve degus do not shift their diurnal activity and body temperature rhythms to a nocturnal phase when subjected to sequential increases in ambient temperature. However, when they were provided with wheels under constant high-temperature conditions, all animals inverted their diurnal phase preference becoming nocturnal. Both, negative masking by light and entrainment to the dark phase appeared involved in the nocturnalism of these animals. Analysis of the thermoregulatory response to wheel running revealed some differences between masked and entrained nocturnal chronotypes.These data highlight the importance of the coupling between wheel running availability and ambient temperature in the nocturnalism of the degus. The results support the view that an innate “protective” pre-program mechanism (associating darkness and lower ambient temperature) may change the timing of behavioral activity in this species to reduce the potential risk of hyperthermia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and Thermoregulatory Responses to Changes in Ambient Temperature and Wheel Running Availability in Octodon degus

Baño-Otálora

Rol

Madrid

2021

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…Snakes were provided with water ad libitum and maintained on a diet of pre-killed mice prior to the experimental period. All snakes were fed on the same day prior to experiments (10 days prior), and none were fed during the study, ensuring that venom-load-related differences in behavior [ 21 , 22 ] were eliminated as a confounding variable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sound garden: How snakes respond to airborne and groundborne sounds

et al. 2023

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Evidence suggests that snakes can hear, but how snakes naturally respond to sound is still unclear. We conducted 304 controlled experiment trials on 19 snakes across five genera in a sound-proof room (4.9 x 4.9 m) at 27ºC, observing the effects of three sounds on individual snake behavior, compared to controls. We quantified eight snake behaviors (body movement, body freezing, head-flicks, tongue-flicks, hissing, periscoping, head fixation, lower jaw drop) in response to three sounds, which were filtered pink-noise within the following frequency ranges: 0–150Hz (sound 1, which produced ground vibrations, as measured by an accelerometer), 150–300Hz (sound 2, which did not produced ground vibrations), 300–450Hz (sound 3, which did not produced ground vibrations). All snake responses were strongly genus dependent. Only one genus (Aspidites, Woma Pythons) significantly increased their probability of movement in response to sound, but three other genera (Acanthophis (Death Adders), Oxyuranus (Taipans), and Pseudonaja (Brown Snakes)) were more likely to move away from sound, signaling potential avoidance behavior. Taipans significantly increased their likelihood of displaying defensive and cautious behaviors in response to sound, but three of the five genera exhibited significantly different types of behaviors in sound trials compared to the control. Our results highlight potential heritable behavioral responses of snakes to sound, clustered within genera. Our study illustrates the behavioral variability among different snake genera, and across sound frequencies, which contributes to our limited understanding of hearing and behavior in snakes.

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“…There is much interest in the scientific community, literature, research, and empirical findings on Relationships across the disciplines (i.e., the natural, physical, applied, and social sciences). The literature is well established on Relationships [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] in both the cognitive and systems thinking contexts. Relationships are fundamentally woven into the cognitive sciences (the physical and natural sciences as well) [4,8,9,12,14].…”

Section: Empirical Findings Of Relationships Across the Disciplinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many empirical studies that clearly illustrate that action-reaction Relationships are universal across the disciplines [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]18], as shown in a 2021 review of literature by Cabrera [19]. However, Relationships are not enough.…”

Section: Empirical Findings Of Relationships Across the Disciplinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Organize Information in Mind and Nature: Empirical Findings of Action–Reaction Relationships (R) in Cognitive and Material Complexity

Cabrera

2022

Systems

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Diverse phenomena such as feedback, interconnectedness, causality, network dynamics, and complexity are all born from Relationships. They are fundamentally important, as they are transdisciplinary and synonymous with connections, links, edges, and interconnections. The foundation of systems thinking and systems themselves consists of four universals, one of which is action–reaction Relationships. They are also foundational to the consilience of knowledge. This publication gives a formal description of and predictions of action–reaction Relationships (R) or “R-rule”. There are seven original empirical studies presented in this paper. For these seven studies, experiments for the subjects were created on software (unless otherwise noted). The experiments had the subjects complete a task and/or answer a question. The samples are generalizable to a normal distribution of the US population and they vary for each study (ranging from N = 407 to N = 34,398). With high statistical significance the studies support the predictions made by DSRP Theory regarding action–reaction Relationships including its universality as an observable phenomenon in both nature (ontological complexity) and mind (cognitive complexity); mutual dependencies on other universals (i.e., Distinctions, Systems, and Perspectives); role in structural predictions; internal structures and dynamics; efficacy as a metacognitive skill. In conclusion, these data suggest the observable and empirical existence, parallelism (between cognitive and ontological complexity), universality, and efficacy of action–reaction Relationships (R).

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Do pit vipers assess their venom? Defensive tactics of Deinagkistrodon acutus shift with changed venom reserve

Cited by 8 publications

References 65 publications

Behavioral and Thermoregulatory Responses to Changes in Ambient Temperature and Wheel Running Availability in Octodon degus

Behavioral and Thermoregulatory Responses to Changes in Ambient Temperature and Wheel Running Availability in Octodon degus

Sound garden: How snakes respond to airborne and groundborne sounds

Relationships Organize Information in Mind and Nature: Empirical Findings of Action–Reaction Relationships (R) in Cognitive and Material Complexity

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