Do Rural Women Who Stay Behind Benefit from Male Out-migration? A Case Study in the Hills of Nepal

Maharjan, Amina; Bauer, Siegfried; Knerr, Béatrice

doi:10.1177/097185241101600105

Cited by 130 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Such is the paucity of local opportunities for income generation in the country that international labour migration has become key to sustaining livelihoods (Seddon et al 2000;Blaikie et al, 2002;Shakya, 2013;Sunam, 2014). In 2009 around one-third of households had a member living in another country and some 15 per cent of working age males were working overseas in 2003-4, mostly in one of the Gulf States and Malaysia (Maharjan et al, 2012). In 2013, personal remittances were equivalent to almost 30 per cent of GDP (World Bank data), 1 almost double the value of the country's exports (World Bank, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Between a rock and a hard place: Vulnerability and precarity in rural Nepal

et al. 2016

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractDrawing on a local study on Nepal's Terai, this paper explores the nature of livelihood exposure to shocks and stresses amongst rural households in two Village Development Committees in Sunsari District. The primary data are derived from a 117 household survey supplemented by 19 purposefully sampled follow-up interviews. The paper opens with a discussion of the changing nature of exposure in the global South, distinguishing between inherited vulnerability and produced precarity. We then provide background to the research site and the research methods. In the core empirical part of the paper we unravel and distinguish between the livelihood threats and opportunities faced by households in the area and use these to reflect on the nature of 'exposure', its historical origins and contemporary (re)production. The final part of the paper uses the Nepal case to build a more general argument, proposing that if we are to understand the puzzle of continued livelihood exposure and uncertainty in the context of aggregate economic expansion we need to identify and interrogate the processes that may, at the same time, produce wealth and reduce vulnerability, while also generating precarity.

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confidence: 99%

Between a rock and a hard place: Vulnerability and precarity in rural Nepal

et al. 2016

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“…Agricultural sector plays vital role in human welfare as well as keeping the health of the national economy (Gautam et al, 2009;Ghale, 2008;Maharjan et al, 2012;MOF, 2011). Despite being the agriculture as the dominant sector in Nepal, the agricultural production is mostly in subsistence level (MOF, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite being the agriculture as the dominant sector in Nepal, the agricultural production is mostly in subsistence level (MOF, 2011). The sector is challenged by various factors such as climate change, lack of labor due to out-migration, lack of income from agricultural products and lack of market for the agricultural goods (Lokshin and Glinskaya, 2009;Maharjan et al, 2012;MOF, 2011;Subedi, 2009). On the other hand, agriculture in Nepal is feminized sector where women are extensively involved in agricultural activities as compared to their male counterpart (Ghale, 2008;Karki, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Water Induced Disasters to Livelihood Activities in Nepal

Gurung¹,

Karki²,

Karki³

et al. 2012

Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture

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BACKGROUND:The changes in the climatic conditions have brought potentially significant new challenges, most critical are likely to be its impact on local livelihoods, agriculture, biodiversity and environments. Water induced disasters such as landslides, floods, erratic rain etc., are very common in developing countries which lead to changes in biological, geophysical and socioeconomic elements. The extent of damages caused by natural disasters is more sever in least developing countries. However, disasters affect women and men differently. In most of the cases women have to carry more burden as compared to their male counterpart during the period of disasters. METHODS AND RESULTS:This study examines the impact of disasters on the local livelihood especially agriculture and income generating activities of women in three districts of Nepal. The study uses the primary data collected following an exploratory approach, based on an intensive field study. The general findings of the study revealed that women had to experience hard time as compared to their male counterpart both during and after the disaster happen. Women are responsible for caring their children, collecting firewood, fetching water, collecting grass for livestock and performing household chores. Whereas, men are mainly involved in out-migration and remained out-side home most of the time. After the disaster occurred, most of the women had to struggle to support their lives as well as had to work longer hours than men during reconstruction period. Nepal follows patriarchal system and men can afford more leisure time as compared to women. During the disaster period, some of the households lost their agricultural lands, livestock and other properties. These losses created some additional workload to women respondent, however at the same time; they learn to build confidence, self-respect, self-esteem, and self-dependency.Although Nepal is predominantly agriculture, majority of the farmers are at subsistence level. In addition, men and women have different roles which differ with the variation in agro-production systems. Moreover women are extensively involved in agricultural activities though their importances were not recognized. Denial of land ownership and denial of access to resources as well as migration of male counterparts are some of the major reasons for affecting the agricultural environments for women in Nepal. CONCLUSION: The shelter reconstruction program has definitely brought positive change in women's access to decision making. The gradual increase in number of women respondent in access to decision making in different areas is a positive change and this has also provided them with a unique opportunity to change their gendered status in society.Furthermore, the exodus out-flow of male counterparts accelerated the additional burden and workload on women.

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“…An open border and no visa restrictions have made the process even more convenient. 21 Metro cities in India like Mumbai, Chennai, Punjab and Delhi are constantly developing and filled with work opportunities. This makes it a better prospect for Nepalese migrants.…”

Section: External Migration and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The middle income and high income population in the Central Eastern region migrate to richer Gulf countries. 21 A majority of the low socioeconomic strata in the mid-west and far-west choose the option of searching for work in India. An open border and no visa restrictions have made the process even more convenient.…”

Section: External Migration and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV/AIDS: A Persistent Health Issue for Women and Children in Mid and Far Western Nepal

Adefemi

Tamrakar

2015

Kathmandu Univ. Med. J.

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This article reviews the effect of male migration on the spread of HIV infections in mid and far-western Nepal. It explains the link between male mobility and HIV in women and children. Materials were collected by a systematic search of the databases and the websites of national and international agencies. HIV infection amongst male migrants was found to be high. Their risk behaviors such as unprotected sex with multiple partners and sex workers increase the risk of HIV infection. Substance abuse, loneliness, separation from families, peer pressure, long working hours and poor living conditions are factors that promote unsafe sex. Literacy and awareness about HIV is a key measure to decrease the prevalence of the disease and reduce social stigma among people affected. HIV is a major public health issue especially in Nepal with migration playing a major role in its spread. Negligence to sexual health and lack of comprehensive knowledge on the disease among male migrants are the major obstacles that have exacerbated the disease. There is a need for further research on the existing HIV cases affecting women and children of these two regions to get a clear picture of the gravity of the disease.

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Do Rural Women Who Stay Behind Benefit from Male Out-migration? A Case Study in the Hills of Nepal

Cited by 130 publications

References 5 publications

Between a rock and a hard place: Vulnerability and precarity in rural Nepal

Between a rock and a hard place: Vulnerability and precarity in rural Nepal

Consequences of Water Induced Disasters to Livelihood Activities in Nepal

HIV/AIDS: A Persistent Health Issue for Women and Children in Mid and Far Western Nepal

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