Do uncertainty analyses reveal uncertainties? Using the introduction of DNA vaccines to aquaculture as a case

Gillund, Frøydis; Kjølberg, Kamilla; Krauß, Martin; Myhr, Anne Ingeborg

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.001

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This framework has previously been used for analyzing uncertainties of other emerging technology applications, including GMO crops [41], gene-silencing [42], and DNA vaccines in salmon aquaculture [27]. The framework has also been used to review the state of knowledge and uncertainty of environmental health and safety aspects of nanomaterials in general [29].…”

Section: Methodology Concepts and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Uncertainties in the Upstream: The Case of PLGA Nanoparticles in Salmon Vaccines

Nielsen

Fredriksen²,

Myhr

2011

Nanoethics

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The diversity of nanotechnologies and of the governance challenges that their applications raise calls for exploration and learning across different cases. We present an Upstream Oversight Assessment (UOA) of expected benefits and potential harms of nanoparticles made of a synthetic polymer (PLGA) to improve vaccines for farmed salmon. Suggested by Jennifer Kuzma and colleagues, an UOA may help identify and prioritise research needs, and it may support evaluations of the adequacy of relevant existing regulatory frameworks. In this work, the UOA approach is modified and supported with elements from the uncertainty analysis framework developed by Warren Walker and colleagues. Empirically, we draw on relevant available published literature and insights generated in an ongoing nanoparticle salmon vaccine project, in which one of the authors participates. Nanotechnologies have not previously been encountered in the regulatory context of fish vaccines, which in part raises unique challenges due to prospective large scale vaccine use in semi-open aquatic systems. Strengthened through cooperation between ELSA and technology researchers we found the UOA useful for an early mapping of benefits and concerns, and for identifying areas in need of further research prior to a nanoparticle based salmon vaccine is developed and taken into use. We consider our approach to represent one among several complementing initiatives that seek to contribute to early stage evaluations of possible negative side effects, broadly conceived, in order to facilitate a more robust nanotechnology development.

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Section: Methodology Concepts and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Uncertainties in the Upstream: The Case of PLGA Nanoparticles in Salmon Vaccines

Nielsen

Fredriksen²,

Myhr

2011

Nanoethics

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“…Nevertheless, knowledge and knowledge-related issues are decisive concepts that must be involved when defining a type of uncertainty which is often termed epistemic uncertainty. In different research fields, this type of uncertainty has also been addressed using terms such as incertitude (Carey and Burgman 2008) or epistemological uncertainty (Gillund et al 2008), or even simply as ''uncertainty'' (Frey and Burmaster 1999;McCann et al 2006). More simply, the concept of epistemic uncertainty can be illustrated by recognizing that, for a given person with a certain level of knowledge at a given time, a statement about a fact can either be true, false, or uncertain.…”

Section: Uncertainty: What Is It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of uncertainty, often termed aleatoric uncertainty, represents the intrinsic random nature of a certain phenomenon. In different research fields, this type of uncertainty has also been addressed using terms such as irreducible uncertainty (Tucker and Ferson 2003), random variability (Bolker 2008), or ontological uncertainty (Gillund et al 2008). The time between the consecutive occurrence of disasters such as earthquakes and storms of a given intensity is an example of a random phenomenon.…”

Section: Uncertainty: What Is It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework to assess quality and uncertainty in disaster loss data

Romão

Paupério

2016

Nat Hazards

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There is a growing interest in the systematic and consistent collection of disaster loss data for different applications. Therefore, the collected data must follow a set of technical requirements to guarantee its usefulness. One of those requirements is the availability of a measure of the uncertainty in the collected data to express its quality for a given purpose. Many of the existing disaster loss databases do not provide such uncertainty/quality measures due to the lack of a simple and consistent approach to express uncertainty. After reviewing existing literature on the subject, a framework to express the uncertainty in disaster loss data is proposed. This framework builds on an existing uncertainty classification that was updated and combined with an existing method for data characterization. The proposed approach is able to establish a global score that reflects the overall uncertainty in a certain loss indicator and provides a measure of its quality.

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“…Krayer von Krauss et al (2004 found the framework useful for the identification of different types of incertitude, as well as illustrating how the judgments differed depending of the background of the participating scientists. Gillund et al (2008) experienced that the framework can also function as a reflexive tool, stimulating scientists to reflect upon and express incertitude relevant to their work and possibly adjust their future practices accordingly. Expert elicitation of uncertainty may also be a useful tool to illustrate the diversity of opinion that exists.…”

Section: Uncertainty Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Precautionary Approach to Genetically Modified Organisms: Challenges and Implications for Policy and Science

Myhr

2010

J Agric Environ Ethics

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The commercial introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has revealed a broad range of views among scientists and other stakeholders on perspectives of genetic engineering (GE) and if and how GMOs should be regulated. Within this controversy, the precautionary principle has become a contentious issue with high support from skeptical groups but resisted by GMO advocates. How to handle lack of scientific understanding and scientific disagreement are core issues within these debates. This article examines some of the key issues affecting precaution as a legal standard and as an approach to the use of science in decision-making processes. It is pointed out that there is a need for reflection over the level of scientific evidence required for applying the precautionary principle as well as who should have the burden of proof when there are uncertainties. Further, an awareness of the broader scientific uncertainties found in GMO risk assessment implies that a precautionary approach must be elaborated: both for acknowledging uncertainties and for identification of scientific responses. Since precaution is an important issue within the sustainable development framework, it is suggested that sustainability can provide a normative standard that can help to reveal the influence and negotiate the importance of the various forms of uncertainty. Wise management of uncertainties and inclusion of normative aspects in risk assessment and management may help to ensure sustainable and socially robust GMO innovations at present and in the future.

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Do uncertainty analyses reveal uncertainties? Using the introduction of DNA vaccines to aquaculture as a case

Cited by 29 publications

References 40 publications

Mapping Uncertainties in the Upstream: The Case of PLGA Nanoparticles in Salmon Vaccines

Mapping Uncertainties in the Upstream: The Case of PLGA Nanoparticles in Salmon Vaccines

A framework to assess quality and uncertainty in disaster loss data

A Precautionary Approach to Genetically Modified Organisms: Challenges and Implications for Policy and Science

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