Do Vegetarian Diets Provide Adequate Nutrient Intake during Complementary Feeding? A Systematic Review

Simeone, Giovanni; Bergamini, Marcello; Verga, Maria Carmen; Cuomo, Barbara; D'Antonio, G; Iacono, Iride Dello; Mauro, Dora Di; Mauro, F.; Mauro, Giuseppe Di; Leonardi, Lucia; Miniello, Vito Leonardo; Palma, Filomena; Scotese, Immacolata; Tezza, Giovanna; Vania, Andrea; Caroli, Margherita

doi:10.3390/nu14173591

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The most affordable iron-rich foods according to price modeling approaches are dark-green leafy vegetables [ 101 ]. Some evidence suggests that vegetarian diets that are varied and nutritionally adequate rarely result in iron and zinc deficiencies [ 102 , 103 , 104 ]. However, there is also evidence arguing that vegetarian and vegan diets are not safe and can result in micronutrient deficiencies which in turn can affect the brain development of the child [ 105 , 106 , 107 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia among Syrian Refugee Children Aged 6 to 23 Months Living in Greater Beirut, Lebanon, including the Voices of Mothers’ and Local Healthcare Staff: A Mixed-Methods Study

et al. 2023

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Globally, the prevalence of anemia among children during the period of complementary feeding is high. A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted to examine the main determinants of anemia among Syrian refugee children aged 6 to 23 months (n = 215) and to illuminate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of their mothers and Lebanese healthcare staff on its causes and available treatment options. 42% of the children and 20% of their mothers were anemic. Determinants of child anemia were the mother having anemia or not knowing that fish/seafood is a source of iron; the child having been acutely ill the last two weeks or receiving cow’s milk, but not consuming iron-rich infant formula, added fats/oils, or fruits in the previous 24 hours. Several Syrian mothers knew some causes of anemia and named dizziness as a leading symptom but did not mention flesh foods as a key source of heme iron. They reported financial constraints in accessing iron-rich foods and supplements. Lebanese doctors largely gave appropriate dietary advice and prescribed iron supplements as treatment. Multisectoral interventions are needed that combine medical and financial support with nutrition counseling for mothers to reduce the high burden of anemia among young children living in a multiple crises situation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia among Syrian Refugee Children Aged 6 to 23 Months Living in Greater Beirut, Lebanon, including the Voices of Mothers’ and Local Healthcare Staff: A Mixed-Methods Study

et al. 2023

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“…A recent prospective cohort study in Thailand (a middle income country (MIC)) reported that protein from formula and cow's milk had greater impact on infant weight gain during the CF period than protein from non-dairy ASF, while growth parameters were not associated with plant-based protein intake [22 ▪ ]. A SR/ MA also reported no effect of plant-based diets during CF on weight gain or obesity risk, although these diets may increase the risk of micronutrient insufficiency/deficiency and growth faltering [23 ▪ ].…”

Section: Complementary Food Content and Dietary Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of complementary feeding on obesity risk

Kittisakmontri

Fewtrell²

2023

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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Purpose of reviewTo discuss recent evidence on the influence of complementary feeding (CF) timing, content and feeding methods on childhood obesity risk.Recent findingsThe evidence-base is limited by heterogeneity, risk of bias and the predominance of observational studies. The content of the diet and feeding practices are more influential than timing for obesity risk. There is limited evidence that CF introduction before 4 months may be associated with increased risk. Intake of animal protein, particularly dairy protein, may contribute to rapid weight gain; protein from infant/follow-on formula shows the most robust association with later obesity risk. Evidence linking sugar intake to obesity risk is limited, but intake should be as low as possible given there is no nutritional requirement. Responsive feeding (RF) practices may promote appropriate infant growth and reduce risk. The effect of baby-led weaning (BLW) is inconclusive.SummaryRecent evidence supports current recommendations to avoid high protein intakes, especially from infant/follow-on formula, for infants in high income countries; and to promote RF practices for all infants. Studies in low- and middle-income countries are required to define optimal CF practices given increasing rates of child obesity alongside double-burden malnutrition.

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“…A recent systematic review that examined adequate nutrient supply of vegetarian and vegan diets during complementary feeding concluded that diets that avoid or severely limit animal-based foods were not safe [ 18 ]. The available evidence suggested that the risk of deficiency of critical nutrients and growth retardation was high.…”

Section: A Vegan Lifestyle Requires Knowledge and Active Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegan diets from an allergy point of view – Position paper of the DGAKI working group on food allergy

Reese¹,

Schäfer²,

Ballmer‐Weber³

et al. 2023

ALS

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Vegan diets are currently attracting a great deal of attention. However, avoiding animal-based foods restricts the diet and is associated with risks, the extent and medical implications of which are at present not sufficiently understood. Elimination diets represent the usual therapeutic long-term management in the presence of food allergy. In order to understand the risks of vegan diets and to discuss these critically from the perspective of food allergies, the expertise of a nutritionist/dietitian with expertise in this area is indispensable. This position paper deals with the incentives behind and the benefits of a plant-based diet. The knowledge required to cover macro- and micronutrient dietary requirements is presented. Using the avoidance of cow’s milk as an example, the challenges of adequately meeting nutritional needs are identified and (so-called) milk alternatives are evaluated from an allergy and nutritional point of view. Finally, other plant-based (substitute) products are evaluated from the same perspective, as significant protein sources in vegan diets (e.g., legumes, nuts, and seeds) are at the same time potential and potent triggers of allergic reactions. However, the allergic potential of many substitute products cannot be fully assessed at present due to gaps in research. Wheat as the most important trigger for anaphylaxis in adults is also evaluated. Finally, the increase in ultra-processed products in the (vegan) food sector and their potential consequences for the immune system are discussed.

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Do Vegetarian Diets Provide Adequate Nutrient Intake during Complementary Feeding? A Systematic Review

Cited by 21 publications

References 56 publications

Anemia among Syrian Refugee Children Aged 6 to 23 Months Living in Greater Beirut, Lebanon, including the Voices of Mothers’ and Local Healthcare Staff: A Mixed-Methods Study

Anemia among Syrian Refugee Children Aged 6 to 23 Months Living in Greater Beirut, Lebanon, including the Voices of Mothers’ and Local Healthcare Staff: A Mixed-Methods Study

Impact of complementary feeding on obesity risk

Vegan diets from an allergy point of view – Position paper of the DGAKI working group on food allergy

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