Do we need to vaccinate every child against COVID-19: What evidence suggests—A systematic review of opinions

Paul, Sourabh; Mishra, Chandra Mauli

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002992

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(552 reference statements)

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“…Since MIS-C in children is a life-threatening event, vaccination strategies could be considered as preventive tools. The role of COVID-19 vaccine in prevention of severe infection among children, particularly in at high-risk children (77,78), is reported and among healthy children the chances of MIS-C are more prevalent in the absence of vaccination (79)(80)(81)(82). In patients with a history of MIS-C, an International consensus on vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is hampered by a lack of evidence both on safety and efficacy (83).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six-month multidisciplinary follow-up in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: An Italian single-center experience

et al. 2023

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BackgroundA severe multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) related to SARS-CoV-2 has been described after infection. A limited number of reports have analyzed the long-term complications related to pro-inflammatory status in MIS-C. We evaluated multiorgan impairment at the 6-month follow-up in MIS-C.MethodsWe enrolled 33 pediatric patients consecutively hospitalized for MIS-C and monitored for almost 6 months. The inter-relationship of patient's features and disease severity at admission with long term complications was studied by multivariate analysis.ResultsEndo-metabolic derangement, cardiac injury, respiratory, renal and gastrointestinal manifestations and neurological involvement are part of the initial presentation. The most abnormalities appear to resolve within the first few weeks, without significant long term dysfunction at the 6-months follow-up, except for endocrine (non-thyroidal illness syndrome in 12.1%, insulin resistance in 21.2%) and neurological system (27.3% cognitive or psychological, behavioral, adaptive difficulties). Endocrine and heart involvement at admission represent a significant factor on the long term sequelae; however no association between severity score and long-term outcome was noted.ConclusionsThe severity of initial clinical presentation may be associated to organ domain, however it is not related to long term sequelae. The prevalent organ restoration supports a predominant indirect immune-mediated injury triggered by a systemic inflammatory response; however a direct damage due to the viral entry could be not excluded. Eventhought our preliminary results seem to suggest that MIS-C is not a long-term risk condition for children health, a longer follow-up is mandatory to confirm this hypothesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six-month multidisciplinary follow-up in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: An Italian single-center experience

et al. 2023

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“…Currently, several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for pediatric use globally, aiming to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality and for children to resume full educational and social activities [11] . Nonetheless, although, more than 13 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses have been delivered globally [12] , in many countries COVID-19 vaccine uptake among children has been largely slow, mainly due to parental concerns about safety but also due to uncertainty about the role of vaccination in the reduction of community transmission [13] , [14] . Our previous studies using preliminary data from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and the European EudraVigilance estimated a mean of 10.67 anaphylaxis cases per 10 6 doses of COVID-19 vaccines administered to adults, with significant variation by vaccine platform and brand [15] , [16] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaphylaxis rates following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents: Analysis of data reported to EudraVigilance

Maltezou¹,

Hatziantoniou²,

Theodoridou³

et al. 2023

Vaccine

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“…COVID-19 is the eighth leading cause of death in minors in the US and has negatively affected pediatric populations worldwide . Vaccination of children can mitigate risk of complications from SARS-CoV-2 infections and support their uninterrupted access to education and healthy psychosocial development . US and Canadian public health guidance strongly recommends COVID-19 vaccinations for minors…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4][5] Vaccination of children can mitigate risk of complications from SARS-CoV-2 infections 6 and support their uninterrupted access to education and healthy psychosocial development. [7][8][9] US and Canadian public health guidance strongly recommends COVID-19 vaccinations for minors. 10,11 Despite adequate supply and accessibility, studies report parents are less likely to vaccinate their children than themselves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Immigrant, Refugee, and Nonimmigrant Children and Adolescents in Ontario, Canada

Brandenberger

Duchen

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceCOVID-19 vaccinations are recommended for minors. Surveys indicate lower vaccine acceptance by some immigrant and refugee groups.ObjectiveTo identify characteristics in immigrant, refugee, and nonimmigrant minors associated with vaccination.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used linked, population-based demographic and health care data from Ontario, Canada, including all children aged 4 to 17 years registered for universal health insurance on January 1, 2021, across 2 distinct campaigns: for adolescents (ages 12-17 years), starting May 23, 2021, and for children (ages 5-11 years), starting November 25, 2021, through April 24, 2022. Data were analyzed from May 9 to August 2, 2022.ExposuresImmigrant or refugee status and immigration characteristics (recency, category, region of origin, and generation).Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes of interest were crude rates of COVID-19 vaccination (defined as ≥1 vaccination for children and ≥2 vaccinations for adolescents) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CIs for vaccination, adjusted for clinical, sociodemographic, and health system factors.ResultsThe total cohort included 2.2 million children and adolescents, with 1 098 749 children (mean [SD] age, 7.06 [2.00] years; 563 388 [51.3%] males) and 1 142 429 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 14.00 [1.99] years; 586 617 [51.3%] males). Among children, 53 090 (4.8%) were first-generation and 256 886 (23.4%) were second-generation immigrants or refugees; among adolescents, 104 975 (9.2%) were first-generation and 221 981 (19.4%) were second-generation immigrants or refugees, most being economic or family-class immigrants. Immigrants, particularly refugees, were more likely to live in neighborhoods with highest material deprivation (first-generation immigrants: 18.6% of children and 20.2% of adolescents; first-generation refugees: 46.4% of children and 46.3% of adolescents; nonimmigrants: 18.5% of children and 17.2% of adolescents) and COVID-19 risk (first-generation immigrants; 20.0% of children and 20.5% of adolescents; first-generation refugees: 9.4% of children and 12.6% of adolescents; nonimmigrants: 6.9% of children and 6.8% of adolescents). Vaccination rates (53.1% in children and 79.2% in adolescents) were negatively associated with material deprivation. In both age groups, odds for vaccination were higher in immigrants (children: aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.27-1.33; adolescents: aOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.12) but lower in refugees (children: aOR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.33-0.36; adolescents: aOR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.84-0.91) compared with nonimmigrants. In immigrant- and refugee-only models stratified by generation, region of origin was associated with uptake, compared with the overall rate, with the lowest odds observed in immigrants and refugees from Eastern Europe (children: aOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.35-0.46; adolescents: aOR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.38-0.43) and Central Africa (children: aOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.16-0.35; adolescents: aOR, 0.51,CI: 0.45-0.59) and the highest odds observed in immigrants and refugees from Southeast Asia (children: aOR, 2.68; 95% CI, 2.47-2.92; adolescents aOR, 4.42; 95% CI, 4.10-4.77). Adjusted odds of vaccination among immigrants and refugees from regions with lowest vaccine coverage were similar across generations.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study using a population-based sample in Canada, nonrefugee immigrants had higher vaccine coverage than nonimmigrants. Substantial heterogeneity by region of origin and lower vaccination coverage in refugees persisted across generations. These findings suggest that vaccine campaigns need precision public health approaches targeting specific barriers in identified, undervaccinated subgroups.

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Do we need to vaccinate every child against COVID-19: What evidence suggests—A systematic review of opinions

Cited by 12 publications

References 99 publications

Six-month multidisciplinary follow-up in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: An Italian single-center experience

Six-month multidisciplinary follow-up in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: An Italian single-center experience

Anaphylaxis rates following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents: Analysis of data reported to EudraVigilance

COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Immigrant, Refugee, and Nonimmigrant Children and Adolescents in Ontario, Canada

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