Alternative banks -primarily savings and cooperative banks -have long been important components of national financial systems in many member states. Across Europe they are recognised as key institutions for small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) finance, as well as the key institutions for providing mortgage and other credit to low-and medium-income households (LMIHs) that other banks undersupply. In the wake of Europe's financial crisis and its response in the form of banking union, alternative banks increasingly fall under stricter banking regulation designed primarily for commercial banks and the supervision of the European Central Bank (ECB). But the ECB's philosophy and methodology of ensuring that banks are properly capitalised and committed to standardised prudential practices and insurance schemes poses challenges to the traditional business model of alternative banks. They find it difficult to raise outside capital under stress due to their non-profit status, difficult to dispose of assets due to the overwhelming importance to their business model of lending to local businesses, government and households, and costly to establish modern systems of deposit insurance and bank resolution