“…Research has shown that status cannot be achieved merely through coercion, but also through self-sacrifice (Griskevicius, Tybur, & Van den Bergh, 2010), charm (Stevens, Deuling, & Armenakis, 2012), and emotional manipulation (Flynn, Reagans, Amanatullah, & Ames, 2006;Grieve, 2011). Whereas some manipulative self-presentation (i.e., intimidation, self-promotion) is driven more by the desire to dominate, other types (i.e., supplication; ingratiation) are instrumental in nature (Appelbaum & Hughes, 1998;Lai, Lam, & Liu, 2010). As such, we expected that status seeking would relate with all self-presentation tactics.…”