Do young readers have fast access to abstract lexical representations? Evidence from masked priming

Perea, Manuel; Jiménez, María; Gómez, Pablo

doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.005

Cited by 24 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…1 In an elegant masked-priming lexical decision experiment, Jacobs, Grainger, and Ferrand (1995) compared matched-case versus mismatched-case identity word pairs (YEUX-####-YEUX vs. yeux-####-YEUX [eyes]) and found that, despite the greater visual similarity for the matched-case identity pairs, word identification times were virtually the same in the two conditions. Perea, Jiménez, and Gómez (2014) replicated the Jacobs et al (1995) pattern in words with high degree of cross-case visual similarity (e.g., city-###-CITY = CITY-###-CITY) and in words with low degree of crosscase visual similarity (e.g., edge-###-EDGE = EDGE-###-EDGE; see also Perea, Jiménez, & Gomez, 2015, for evidence with developing readers). Furthermore, the magnitude of the repetition priming effect (i.e., identity condition vs. unrelated condition) was similar in both types of stimuli, thus replicating Bowers, Vigliocco, and Haan (1998).…”

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confidence: 60%

“…Note, however, that a small speed-accuracy trade-off occurred in the word data: Participants were slightly faster (6 ms) when the prime had the same case as the target, but they also made more errors (1.1, on average). This marginal trade-off is likely to be an empirical anomaly, since Perea et al (2014Perea et al ( , 2015 reported a null effect for word targets in the RTs and accuracy for these same conditions. ERP results Figure 3 shows the ERP waves for words and pseudowords (matched vs. mismatched case) in four representative electrodes (the occipital electrodes are also displayed, to show the bipolar nature of the N/P150).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lexical enhancement during prime–target integration: ERP evidence from matched-case identity priming

Vergara-Martínez

Gómez

Jiménez

et al. 2014

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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A number of experiments have revealed that matched-case identity PRIME-TARGET pairs are responded to faster than mismatched-case identity prime-TARGET pairs for pseudowords (e.g., JUDPE-JUDPE < judpe-JUDPE), but not for words (JUDGE-JUDGE = judge-JUDGE). These findings suggest that prime-target integration processes are enhanced when the stimuli tap onto lexical representations, overriding physical differences between the stimuli (e.g., case). To track the time course of this phenomenon, we conducted an event-related potential (ERP) masked-priming lexical decision experiment that manipulated matched versus mismatched case identity in words and pseudowords. The behavioral results replicated previous research. The ERP waves revealed that matched-case identity-priming effects were found at a very early time epoch (N/P150 effects) for words and pseudowords. Importantly, around 200 ms after target onset (N250), these differences disappeared for words but not for pseudowords. These findings suggest that different-case word forms (lower-and uppercase) tap into the same abstract representation, leading to prime-target integration very early in processing. In contrast, different-case pseudoword forms are processed as two different representations. This word-pseudoword dissociation has important implications for neural accounts of visual-word recognition.Keywords Masked priming . ERP correlates . N250 . Visual-word recognition Despite the variability in physical appearance of a written word (e.g., house, HOUSE, house), skilled readers are able to access the appropriate lexical entry in a few hundreds of milliseconds. When and how the stimulus features are coded in an abstract manner are the main questions in this article. These are not trivial issues, since this process of abstraction might take place at an individual-letter level, at a graphemic level, at a whole-word level, or even at a semantic level. To make matters even more complex, feedforward and feedback connections might also exist among the levels.There is some consensus among researchers that a word's constituent letters are coded in an abstract form that is independent of its physical features (see Bowers, 2000, andThompson, 2009, for reviews). Although initially the wordprocessing system is sensitive to differences in the visual features of stimuli, these differences are quickly diffused by mapping these features onto unique orthographic abstract representations (see Dehaene, Cohen, Sigman, &Vinckier, 2005, andGrainger, Rey, &Dufau, 2008, for neurally motivated accounts of this phenomenon). The assumption that abstract representations are rapidly accessible during visualword recognition has come mainly from previous experimental evidence using the masked-priming technique (Forster & Davis, 1984; see Grainger, 2008, for a review; see Dehaene et al

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Lexical enhancement during prime–target integration: ERP evidence from matched-case identity priming

Vergara-Martínez

Gómez

Jiménez

et al. 2014

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…For instance, in a lexical decision experiment with Grade 4 children, Perea and Panadero (2014) found similar response times (and error rates) for non-words that kept the visual form from the baseword such as viotin (i.e., visually similar to violin) and for control non-words such as viocin. Furthermore, in a masked priming lexical decision experiment with Grade 5 children, Perea, Jim enez, and Gomez (2015) found similar response times to nominally/physically identical pairs such as EDGE-EDGE and for nominally (but not physically identical pairs) such as edge-EDGE. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the idea that masked priming effects in lexical decision are independent of visual similarity between prime and target (see Perea, Vergara-Mart ınez, & Gomez, 2015, for discussion; see also Kinoshita & Kaplan, 2008, for similar evidence using isolated letters).…”

Section: Experiments 4 Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

On the nature of consonant/vowel differences in letter position coding: Evidence from developing and adult readers

Comesaña

Soares

Marcet

et al. 2016

British J of Psychology

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In skilled adult readers, transposed‐letter effects (jugde‐JUDGE) are greater for consonant than for vowel transpositions. These differences are often attributed to phonological rather than orthographic processing. To examine this issue, we employed a scenario in which phonological involvement varies as a function of reading experience: A masked priming lexical decision task with 50‐ms primes in adult and developing readers. Indeed, masked phonological priming at this prime duration has been consistently reported in adults, but not in developing readers (Davis, Castles, & Iakovidis, 1998). Thus, if consonant/vowel asymmetries in letter position coding with adults are due to phonological influences, transposed‐letter priming should occur for both consonant and vowel transpositions in developing readers. Results with adults (Experiment 1) replicated the usual consonant/vowel asymmetry in transposed‐letter priming. In contrast, no signs of an asymmetry were found with developing readers (Experiments 2–3). However, Experiments 1–3 did not directly test the existence of phonological involvement. To study this question, Experiment 4 manipulated the phonological prime‐target relationship in developing readers. As expected, we found no signs of masked phonological priming. Thus, the present data favour an interpretation of the consonant/vowel dissociation in letter position coding as due to phonological rather than orthographic processing.

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“…The same pattern was found in both age groups of children, suggesting the development of abstract identity processing in Arabic by third grade. Perea, Jiménez, and Gomez (2015) tested Spanish third graders, fifth graders, and adults in a lexical decision task with same-and cross-case word primes in the Roman alphabet (e.g., Barte^vs. BARTE^priming BARTE^).…”

Section: Acquisition Of Abstract Identitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for cross-script abstract identities in learners of Japanese kana

2018

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The presence of abstract letter identity representations in the Roman alphabet has been well documented. These representations are invariant to letter case (upper vs. lower) and visual appearance. For example, "a" and "A" are represented by the same abstract identity. Recent research has begun to consider whether the processing of non-Roman orthographies also involves abstract orthographic representations. In the present study, we sought evidence for abstract identities in Japanese kana, which consist of two scripts, hiragana and katakana. Abstract identities would be invariant to the script used as well as to the degree of visual similarity. We adapted the cross-case masked-priming letter match task used in previous research on Roman letters, by presenting cross-script kana pairs and testing adult beginning -to- intermediate Japanese second-language (L2) learners (first-language English readers). We found robust cross-script priming effects, which were equal in magnitude for visually similar (e.g., り/リ) and dissimilar (e.g., あ/ア) kana pairs. This pattern was found despite participants' imperfect explicit knowledge of the kana names, particularly for katakana. We also replicated prior findings from Roman abstract letter identities in the same participants. Ours is the first study reporting abstract kana identity priming (in adult L2 learners). Furthermore, these representations were acquired relatively early in our adult L2 learners.

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Do young readers have fast access to abstract lexical representations? Evidence from masked priming

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

Lexical enhancement during prime–target integration: ERP evidence from matched-case identity priming

Lexical enhancement during prime–target integration: ERP evidence from matched-case identity priming

On the nature of consonant/vowel differences in letter position coding: Evidence from developing and adult readers

Evidence for cross-script abstract identities in learners of Japanese kana

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