Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle

Sámbra, Veronica; Echeverría, Francisca; Valenzuela, Alfonso; Chouinard‐Watkins, Raphaël; Valenzuela, Rodrigo

doi:10.3390/nu13030986

Cited by 86 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 201 publications

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“…Although historically there was much focus on the role of DHA in early cognitive and visual development, due its high content in the brain and visual system, omega-3 PUFAs are likely to have important roles in the brain beyond infancy and are probably important for brain function throughout the life course [ 85 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ].…”

Section: Omega-3 Pufas and Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

2021

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Oxidative stress and inflammation have been recognized as important contributors to the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may regulate the antioxidant signaling pathway and modulate inflammatory processes. They also influence hepatic lipid metabolism and physiological responses of other organs, including the heart. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies demonstrate that there is an association between moderate intake of the omega-6 PUFA linoleic acid and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), most likely as a result of lower blood cholesterol concentration. Current evidence suggests that increasing intake of arachidonic acid (up to 1500 mg/day) has no adverse effect on platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function and markers of inflammation, but may benefit muscle and cognitive performance. Many studies show that higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases characterized by elevated inflammation, including CVDs. This is because of the multiple molecular and cellular actions of EPA and DHA. Intervention trials using EPA + DHA indicate benefit on CVD mortality and a significant inverse linear dose–response relationship has been found between EPA + DHA intake and CVD outcomes. In addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, omega-3 fatty acids are considered to regulate platelet homeostasis and lower risk of thrombosis, which together indicate their potential use in COVID-19 therapy.

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Section: Omega-3 Pufas and Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

2021

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“…In the synthesis of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, there is a complex enzymatic process that allows the desaturation and elongation of the 18-carbon precursors (ALA and LA). The responsible enzyme showed a higher affinity for ω-3 PUFA than for ω-6 PUFA, favoring the transformation of ALA into DHA [18]. This different affinity inspired some recommendations (5:1 molar ratio) for the dietary intake of ω-6/ω-3 PUFA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This is due to the fact that food for many fish includes algae or marine invertebrates rich in EPA and DHA. In contrast, the main dietary sources of AA are foods of animal origin such as beef, pork, lamb, chicken, turkey and eggs [18,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diets with Higher ω-6/ω-3 Ratios Show Differences in Ceramides and Fatty Acid Levels Accompanied by Increased Amyloid-Beta in the Brains of Male APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

Ordóñez-Gutiérrez

Fabriás

Casas

2021

IJMS

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Senile plaque formation as a consequence of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregation constitutes one of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This pathology is characterized by synaptic alterations and cognitive impairment. In order to either prevent or revert it, different therapeutic approaches have been proposed, and some of them are focused on diet modification. Modification of the ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids (FA) ratio in diets has been proven to affect Aβ production and senile plaque formation in the hippocampus and cortex of female transgenic (TG) mice. In these diets, linoleic acid is the main contribution of ω-6 FA, whereas alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are the contributors of ω-3 FA. In the present work, we have explored the effect of ω-6/ω-3 ratio modifications in the diets of male double-transgenic APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (AD model) and wild-type mice (WT). Amyloid burden in the hippocampus increased in parallel with the increase in dietary ω-6/ω-3 ratio in TG male mice. In addition, there was a modification in the brain lipid profile proportional to the ω-6/ω-3 ratio of the diet. In particular, the higher the ω-6/ω-3 ratio, the lower the ceramides and higher the FAs, particularly docosatetraenoic acid. Modifications to the cortex lipid profile was mostly similar between TG and WT mice, except for gangliosides (higher levels in TG mice) and some ceramide species (lower levels in TG mice).

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“…For some metabolic and structural functions, n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs undergo processes of elongation and desaturation, mainly in the liver [ 49 ]. In this way, linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA) from the n-6 PUFA series gives rise to arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6; AA), whereas α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) from the n-3 PUFA series generates eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3; DHA).…”

Section: N-3 Pufas and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators as A Potential Immune–Nutritional Intervention: A Molecular and Clinical View in Hepatic Disease and Other Non-Communicable Illnesses

et al. 2021

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In recent years, the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) intake on human health has been widely accepted in the field of immunonutrition. Today, we find a diversity of supplements based on n-3 PUFAs and/or minerals, vitamins and other substances. The main objective of this review is to discuss the importance of n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives on immunity and inflammatory status related to liver disease and other non-communicable illnesses. Based on the burden of liver diseases in 2019, more than two million people die from liver pathologies per year worldwide, because it is the organ most exposed to agents such as viruses, toxins and medications. Consequently, research conducted on n-3 PUFAs for liver disease has been gaining prominence with encouraging results, given that these fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. In addition, it has been described that n-3 PUFAs are converted into a novel species of lipid intermediaries, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). At specific levels, SPMs improve the termination of inflammation as well as the repairing and regeneration of tissues, but they are deregulated in liver disease. Since evidence is still insufficient to carry out pharmacological trials to benefit the resolution of acute inflammation in non-communicable diseases, there remains a call for continuing preclinical and clinical research to better understand SPM actions and outcomes.

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Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle

Cited by 86 publications

References 201 publications

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

Diets with Higher ω-6/ω-3 Ratios Show Differences in Ceramides and Fatty Acid Levels Accompanied by Increased Amyloid-Beta in the Brains of Male APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators as A Potential Immune–Nutritional Intervention: A Molecular and Clinical View in Hepatic Disease and Other Non-Communicable Illnesses

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