Documentation of Psychiatric Disorders and Related Factors in a Large Sample Population of HIV-Positive Patients in California

Abstract

This retrospective cohort study examined electronic medical records of HIV-positive patients in California (N=7,834) to find the prevalence of any psychiatric condition and the associations between several factors and the likelihood of these disorders. Approximately 53% of the patients in this study had a documented psychiatric condition, including 23% who had a mood disorder, 19% who had a substance-related disorder, and 16% who had an anxiety disorder. After controlling for potential confounders, significant positive associations (p<0.001) were found between female gender and the presence of any mood disorder (Adjusted Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval]=1.58[1.26–1.99]) or anxiety disorder (AOR=1.54[1.18–2.02]) and between homosexual orientation and the presence of any psychiatric condition (AOR=1.33[1.15–1.55]), mood disorder (AOR=1.71[1.42–2.07]), or anxiety disorder (AOR=1.41[1.22–1.88]). There were also significant negative associations between African American race and the presence of any psychiatric condition (AOR=0.68[0.60–0.77]), mood disorder (AOR=0.74[0.64–0.86]), anxiety disorder (AOR=0.43[0.36–0.52]), or substance-related disorder (AOR=0.78[0.67–0.91]) and between state/federal insurance and the presence of any psychiatric condition (AOR=0.70[0.62–0.79]), mood disorder (AOR=0.71[0.62–0.80]), or anxiety disorder (AOR=0.77[0.66–0.89]).

Prevalence, Recurrence, and Incidence of Current Depressive Symptoms among People Living with HIV in Ontario, Canada: Results from the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study

“…Consistent with prior studies [38,58–61], we found an elevated point prevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive participants who had a history of depression and among those who were: female, younger, recreational drug users, or unemployed/disabled. Unlike the U.S. evidence [58,61], we did not note differences among ethnocultural minorities.…”

“…When compared to prior studies, our results on the point prevalence of current depressive symptoms (28%) are comparable to recent findings (23–26%) from large-scale studies conducted in the U.S. [58,72,73]. However, our results showed a lower recurrence rate of 43% when compared to the 61% rate found by Malee et al(2014) [39] and to the 90% rate found by an older study conducted by Johnson and colleagues (1999) [40].…”

“…Explanatory variables entered into and kept in the explanatory multivariate models were based on evidence from prior studies [38,58–61]. When an explanatory variable did not have a priori evidence, we used a backward selection method [62–64].…”

Investigation of menopausal stage and symptoms on cognition in human immunodeficiency virus–infected women

“…In fact, elevated anxiety symptoms were less prevalent in WIHS (9%) compared to SWAN (~30%). Although the low rates of anxiety in the WIHS may be surprising, studies of HIV-infected individuals show that African-Americans are at a lower risk for anxiety and other psychiatric disorders compared to other ethnicities 50-52 perhaps due to reporting biases. One possible mechanism linking anxiety to decreased verbal memory in HIV-infected women is a female vulnerability to the negative effects of stress hormones on verbal memory.…”

Comparison of levels of anxiety and depression between women and men living with HIV of a Mexico City clinic

“…Studies have shown that PLWH have more mental health problems than the general population, with a two to five times higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, and suicide, as well as higher harmful substance use (Brandt, 2009;Parhami, Fong, Siani, Carlotti & Khanlou, 2013;.…”