DOE-Assisted Formulation, Optimization, and Characterization of Tioconazole-Loaded Transferosomal Hydrogel for the Effective Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Abstract

The present study was performed to determine the therapeutic effects of tioconazole (Tz)-loaded novel transferosome carriers (TFs) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Method: Tioconazole transferosomes suspension (TTFs) was formulated and optimized using a 32 factorial design. After that, the optimized batch of TTFs loaded into Carbopol 934 and sodium CMC was prepared with hydrogel and noted as TTFsH. Subsequently, it was evaluated for pH, spread ability, drug content, in vitro drug release, viscosity, in vivo scratching and erythema score, skin irritation, and histopathology study. Result: The optimized batch of TTFs (B4) showed the values of vesicle size, flux, and entrapment efficiency to be 171.40 ± 9.03 nm, 48.23 ± 0.42, and 93.89 ± 2.41, respectively. All batches of TTFsH showed sustained drug release for up to 24 h. The F2 optimized batch released Tz in an amount of 94.23 ± 0.98% with a flux of 47.23 ± 0.823 and followed the Higuchi kinetic model. The in vivo studies provided evidence that the F2 batch of TTFsH was able to treat atopic dermatitis (AD) by reducing the erythema and the scratching score compared to that of the marketed formulation (Candiderm cream, Glenmark). The histopathology study supported the result of the erythema and scratching score study with intact skin structure. It showed that a formulated low dose of TTFsH was safe and biocompatible to both the dermis and the epidermis layer of skin. Conclusion: Thus, a low dose of F2-TTFsH is a promising tool that effectively targeted the skin for the topical delivery of Tz to treat atopic dermatitis symptoms.

Innovative Wound Healing Hydrogel Containing Chicken Feather Keratin and Soy Isoflavone Genistein: In Vivo Studies

“…Aromatic C=C stretching bands were observed in the range of 1600-1400 cm −1 . All the characteristic bands were observed in the FT-IR spectrum of pure genistein, confirming its identity and purity [24,25] The FT-IR spectrum of the physical mixture of keratin and genistein with Carbopol 940 and other excipients was found to retain all major peaks shown in pure keratin and genistein. It revealed no interaction of the drug component with the excipients, and thus, the formulation is considered stable and compatible, as shown in Figure 1.…”

“…Aromatic C=C stretching bands were observed in the range of 1600–1400 cm −1 . All the characteristic bands were observed in the FT-IR spectrum of pure genistein, confirming its identity and purity [ 24 , 25 ]…”

Preparation, Evaluation, and Histopathological Studies of Ondansetron-Loaded Invasomes Transdermal Gel

“…= 202.9 ± 0.5 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) was (0.2 ± 0.02) as shown in (Figure 7-A), and zeta potential (ζ) was (-38.64 ± 0.13 mV) as shown in (Figure 7-B) [32]. Nanovesicles might penetrate and release ONDS more efficiently than microsized vesicles, which retain some of the vesicles in the upper layers of the skin and might cause a local release of ONDS from vesicles [33].…”

Nanocarrier-Integrated Microneedles: Divulging the Potential of Novel Frontiers for Fostering the Management of Skin Ailments

“…For the TDD of the therapeutics, the size of the NCs is the most critical factor . The different kinds of NCs, such as liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, invasomes, niosomes, metal NCs, and polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), are extensively utilized for the management of skin disorders. The cationic NCs can improve skin permeation, while the deformable NCs can enhance skin penetration .…”