“…Based on agency theory (Jensen & Meckling, ; Shleifer & Vishny, ), we predict that both family member and family representative involvement are associated with higher agency costs to minority shareholders. Prior studies in emerging market settings generally find that family involvement is negatively related to performance, due to higher agency costs between the controlling family and other shareholders (e.g., Bae, Kim, & Kim, ; Bertrand, Johnson, Samphantharak, & Schoar, ; Wong, Chang, & Chen, ; Yeh & Woidtke, ). In this study, we apply these same agency cost arguments to family representatives.…”