Does a jammer-type racing swimsuit improve sprint performance during maximal front-crawl swimming?

Moriyama, Shin-Ichiro; Mankyu, Hirotoshi; Tsunokawa, Takaaki; Kurono, Tsubasa; Mizukoshi, Hayato; Ogita, Futoshi

doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1878263

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This variation occurred between 4.8% and 10.2%, and when the underwater flutter kick condition was excluded, all these differences were significant ( p < 0.05). Moriyama et al (2021) showed that Jammer-type race swimsuits improve sprint performance to accompany the increase in maximum swimming speed compared to the conventional training swimsuit, in front crawl. In a relatively recent and innovative study, researchers showed that the AquaTrainer ® snorkel does not lead to an increase in D a during the front crawl performed over a wide range of speeds ( Ribeiro et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: In swimming, it is necessary to understand and identify the main factors that are important to reduce active drag and, consequently, improve the performance of swimmers. However, there is no up-to-date review in the literature clarifying this topic. Thus, a systematic narrative review was performed to update the body of knowledge on active drag in swimming through numerical and experimental methods.Methods: To determine and identify the most relevant studies for this review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was used.Results: 75 studies related to active drag in swimming and the methodologies applied to study them were analyzed and kept for synthesis. The included studies showed a high-quality score by the Delphi scale (mean score was 5.85 ± 0.38). Active drag was included in seven studies through numerical methods and 68 through experimental methods. In both methods used by the authors to determine the drag, it can be concluded that the frontal surface area plays a fundamental role. Additionally, the technique seems to be a determining factor in reducing the drag force and increasing the propulsive force. Drag tends to increase with speed and frontal surface area, being greater in adults than in children due to body density factors and high levels of speed. However, the coefficient of drag decreases as the technical efficiency of swimming increases (i.e., the best swimmers (the fastest or most efficient) are those with the best drag and swimming hydrodynamics efficiency).Conclusion: Active drag was studied through numerical and experimental methods. There are significantly fewer numerical studies than experimental ones. This is because active drag, as a dynamical phenomenon, is too complex to be studied numerically. Drag is greater in adults than in children and greater in men than in women across all age groups. The study of drag is increasingly essential to collaborate with coaches in the process of understanding the fundamental patterns of movement biomechanics to achieve the best performance in swimming. Although most agree with these findings, there is disagreement in some studies, especially when it is difficult to define competitive level and age. The disagreement concerns three main aspects: 1) period of the studies and improvement of methodologies; 2) discrimination of methodologies between factors observed in numerical vs. experimental methods; 3) evidence that drag tends to be non-linear and depends on personal, technical, and stylistic factors. Based on the complexity of active drag, the study of this phenomenon must continue to improve swimming performance.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(8) (9) The distance between the CoB and the CoM (BM distance) was obtained using the following formula:…”

Section: Com and Cob Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three types of drag are generated by the body when swimming: wave-making drag, frictional drag, and pressure drag [7,8,11,12]. Regarding the relationship between swimsuit design and drag, it has been suggested that wavemaking drag can be reduced by increasing stroke length during racing [9], although this has not been proven. Frictional drag represents only 10%-15% of total drag [8,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frictional drag represents only 10%-15% of total drag [8,13]. In contrast, pressure drag is largely determined by the frontal surface area when in a horizontal posture [12,14,15] and can be expected to improve when a swimsuit is worn [7,9]. When comparing race swimsuits with CS, the increased coverage of the thighs with competitive swimsuits reduces friction due to skin and muscle, which reduces the frontal surface area [4,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of Additional Buoyancy Swimsuits on Performance of Competitive Swimmers

Moriyama¹,

Watanabe²,

Kurono³

et al. 2021

TOSSJ

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: When in water, the Centers of Buoyancy (CoB) and Mass (CoM) of the human body are positioned cranially and caudally, respectively. With increasing distance between these centers, the sinking torque of the lower limbs increases, with a subsequent decrease in swimming performance due to increased drag. Objective: To clarify the effect of additional buoyancy swimsuits on swimming performance. Methods: The subjects were eight competitive male swimmers of mean ±SD age 21±2 years. Swimming performance was compared between Conventional (CS) and Additional Buoyancy Swimsuits (ABS). CoM and CoB were identified on land and in water, respectively, with the swimmers maintaining a horizontal posture. CoM was measured by the reaction board method. CoB was calculated as the force exerted in the vertical direction accompanied by changes in inspiratory volume. Swimming velocity and Blood Lactate (BL) concentration value during 200 m front crawl in trials at four different speeds (curve test) were recorded as swimming performance. Results: No significant difference in inspiratory volume was observed between CS and ABS (small effect size, d=0.28). The distance between CoM and CoB was significantly shorter for CS than ABS (p < 0.001; large effect size, d=1.08). Both swimming velocity at BL of 4 mmol·L-1 and maximal effort were significantly faster for ABS (p < 0.042; 0.008), with large effect size (d=0.91; 0.98). However, there was no significant difference in maximal BL between CS and ABS (small effect size, d=0.37). Conclusion: ABS improves swimming performance by streamlining the horizontal posture.

show abstract

Reliability of the active drag assessment using an isotonic resisted sprint protocol in human swimming

Gonjo

Olstad

2022

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of the presents study was to investigate the reliability of the active drag (Da) assessment using the velocity perturbation method (VPM) with different external resisted forces. Eight male and eight female swimmers performed 25 m sprints with five isotonic loads (1–2–3–4–5 kg for females; 1–3–5–7–9 kg for males), which were repeated twice on different days. The mean velocity and semi-tethered force were computed for each condition, and the free-swimming maximum velocity was estimated with load-velocity profiling. From the obtained variables, Da at the maximum free-swimming condition was calculated using VPM. Absolute and typical errors and the intra-class correlation (ICC) were calculated to assess test–retest reliability. 95% confidence interval (95% CI) lower bound of ICC was larger than 0.75 in 3, 4 (females only) and 5 kg trials in both sexes (corresponding to 37–60 N additional resistance; all p < 0.001), which also showed small absolute and relative typical errors (≤ 2.7 N and ≤ 4.4%). In both sexes, 1 kg load trial (16–17 N additional resistance) showed the lowest reliability (95% CI of ICC; − 0.25–0.83 in males and 0.07–0.94 in females). These results suggested that a tethered force of 37–60 N should be used to assess Da using VPM.

show abstract

Does a jammer-type racing swimsuit improve sprint performance during maximal front-crawl swimming?

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review

Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review

Effect of Additional Buoyancy Swimsuits on Performance of Competitive Swimmers

Reliability of the active drag assessment using an isotonic resisted sprint protocol in human swimming

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About