Does A Major Earthquake Change Job Preferences and Human Values?

Oishi, Shigehiro; Yagi, Ayano; Komiya, Asuka; Kohlbacher, Florian; Kusumi, Takashi; Ishii, Keiko

doi:10.1002/per.2102

Cited by 32 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…There were too few observations available for natural disasters to be credibly compared to other ecological predictors of democracy in the present longitudinal analyses. Alternative frameworks such as regression discontinuity may be more appropriate to capture the abrupt characteristic of disaster occurrences [63]. Nonetheless, our comprehensive analyses show that even when natural disasters are conceptualized as a historical variable at the country level, they play only a minor role in affecting democracy compared to economic wealth and pathogen prevalence.…”

Section: Natural Disaster Casualtiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Multi-level modelling of time-series cross-sectional data reveals the dynamic interaction between ecological threats and democratic development

Kusano

Kemmelmeier

2020

R. Soc. open sci.

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What is the relationship between environment and democracy? The framework of cultural evolution suggests that societal development is an adaptation to ecological threats. Pertinent theories assume that democracy emerges as societies adapt to ecological factors such as higher economic wealth, lower pathogen threats, less demanding climates and fewer natural disasters. However, previous research confused within-country processes with between-country processes and erroneously interpreted between-country findings as if they generalize to within-country mechanisms. We analyse a time-series cross-sectional dataset to study the dynamic relationship between environment and democracy (1949–2016), accounting for previous misconceptions in levels of analysis. By separating within-country processes from between-country processes, we find that the relationship between environment and democracy not only differs by country but also depends on the level of analysis. Economic wealth predicts increasing levels of democracy in between-country comparisons, but within-country comparisons show that democracy declines in years when countries become wealthier. This relationship is only prevalent among historically wealthy countries but not among historically poor countries, whose wealth also increased over time. By contrast, pathogen prevalence predicts lower levels of democracy in both between-country and within-country comparisons. Multi-level modelling also confirms that the within-country effect of pathogen prevalence remains robust even after considering a region-level analysis. Longitudinal analyses identifying temporal precedence reveal that not only reductions in pathogen prevalence drive future democracy, but also democracy reduces future pathogen prevalence and increases future wealth. These nuanced results contrast with previous analyses using narrow, cross-sectional data. Overall, our findings illuminate the dynamic process by which environment and democracy shape each other.

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Section: Natural Disaster Casualtiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Multi-level modelling of time-series cross-sectional data reveals the dynamic interaction between ecological threats and democratic development

Kusano

Kemmelmeier

2020

R. Soc. open sci.

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“…Third, the present research is cross-sectional, thus limiting causal implications of ecological threats. A longitudinal approach is more suitable for identifying societal changes due to ecological conditions than exploring country variations (Oishi et al, 2017 ; Varnum and Grossmann, 2017 ). Fourth, we did not scrutinize validity of some of the variables tested in the present study (e.g., historic pathogen prevalence).…”

Section: Limitations Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research from this approach demonstrated that natural disaster risk was associated with higher levels of collectivism (Oishi and Komiya, 2017 ). Other work inspired by the socio-ecological approach found that prosocial values and behaviors significantly increased after major earthquake incidents in Japan (Oishi et al, 2017 ). This line of research assumes that natural disasters bring people together, or enhance collectivistic values, to mitigate the consequences of natural disasters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of Freedom: Competitive Tests of the Role of Pathogens, Climate, and Natural Disasters in the Development of Socio-Political Freedom

Kusano

Kemmelmeier

2018

Front. Psychol.

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Many countries around the world embrace freedom and democracy as part of their political culture. However, culture is at least in part a human response to the ecological challenges that a society faces; hence, it should not be surprising that the degree to which societies regulate the level of individual freedom is related to environmental circumstances. Previous research suggests that levels of societal freedom across countries are systematically related to three types of ecological threats: prevalence of pathogens, climate challenges, and natural disaster threat. Though their incidence overlaps, the literature has not yet provided a competitive test. Drawing upon the ecocultural framework, we tested five rival hypotheses, alternately focused on the above ecological factors and their interactions with economic wealth in explaining country variations in socio-political freedom. Focusing on data from 150 countries, we performed a series of linear mixed-effects regressions predicting freedom in the domains of politics, media, and economy. We found that countries with higher pathogen prevalence were more likely to suppress democracy and media freedom. Economic wealth, however, moderated the effect of pathogen prevalence on economic freedom, with the main effect being only found among wealthy countries, but not among poor countries. In contrast, natural disaster threat predicted political freedom and press freedom only among poor countries, consistent with the idea that disaster threat accompanied by poor resources promote socio-political freedom as a means of increasing collective survival. Throughout our analyses, we found no support for hypotheses based on climatic challenges. In addition, our multilevel approach revealed that country scores for socio-political freedom were highly clustered within world regions, accounting for substantial portions of variance. Overall, the present research offers a nuanced view of the interplay between ecology and wealth in the emergence of socio-political freedom. We discuss new directions in future research considering methodological and theoretical contributions of the present findings.

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“…Humans have always had to deal with them. Recent research suggests that natural disasters and pandemics have shaped human values, norms, and culture (Gelfand et al, 2011;Oishi et al, 2017;Schaller & Murray, 2008;Van de Vliert, 2013). Recent research also shows that natural disasters and pandemics affect racial minority and lower socioeconomic status individuals disproportionately (e.g., Rhodes et al, 2010;Stephens et al, 2009;Yamada, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Social Ecology of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in New York City: The Role of Walkability, Wealth, and Race

Oishi

Cha

Schimmack

2021

Social Psychological and Personality Science

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The present research examined the zip code level (177 zip codes) prevalence of and deaths associated with COVID-19 in New York City as of May 22, 2020. Walkable zip codes had consistently lower prevalence of ( r = −.49) and deaths ( r = −.15) associated with COVID-19. The mediation analysis showed that the degree of reduction in actual geographical mobility during the lockdown (measured by smartphone GIS data) accounted for geographical variations in the number of confirmed cases and deaths. Residents in wealthy zip codes and walkable zip codes were able to limit geographical mobility, whereas residents in poor zip codes and Black and Hispanic dominant zip codes were not. Finally, the spatial lag regression analysis showed that walkability was a robust predictor of zip code–level prevalence of and deaths associated with COVID-19. Overall, walkability seems to have provided protection against the spread of COVID-19.

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Does A Major Earthquake Change Job Preferences and Human Values?

Cited by 32 publications

References 42 publications

Multi-level modelling of time-series cross-sectional data reveals the dynamic interaction between ecological threats and democratic development

Multi-level modelling of time-series cross-sectional data reveals the dynamic interaction between ecological threats and democratic development

Ecology of Freedom: Competitive Tests of the Role of Pathogens, Climate, and Natural Disasters in the Development of Socio-Political Freedom

The Social Ecology of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in New York City: The Role of Walkability, Wealth, and Race

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