Does a single priming injection of clenbuterol alter behavioral response to β-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in mice through a time-dependent process?

Time‐dependent sensitization as the cornerstone for a new approach to pharmacotherapy: Drugs as foreign/stressful stimuli

“…Lace and Antelman [ 19831 reported that desmethylimipramine (DMI) significantly (though modestly) reduced beta receptor number whether administered on 2 days, 17 days apart, or daily during this period. In following up on this study, Martin et al [1985] also found that a single injection of the beta agonist and potential antidepressant clenbuterol similarly induced effects that changed with the passage of time.…”

Time-dependent sensitization: the odyssey of a scientific heresy from the laboratory to the door of the clinic

“…Among drugs (in addition to those already noted)-and chemicals-it has been observed with the stimulants, amphetamine and cocaine, [11][12][13][14] anxiolytic, anxiogenic and hypnotic benzodiazepines, ie, diazepam, phine, 21 clenbuterol, 22 clomipramine, [23][24][25] 2-deoxy-dglucose, 19 the cytokines, interleukin-1 beta, 26,27 interleukin-2, 28 tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 29 50 and vitellogenin mRNA induction. 33,34 The diversity of agents capable of inducing TDS and the wealth of endpoints affected, as well as its extremely long-lasting nature (up to at least months after a single stimulus exposure 36 ), make it apparent that it does not obey the 'rules' typically associated with pharmacological phenomena.…”